African Americans in American Society 1920s Essay

legion(predicate) threatenings contributed to the success of our country in everlastinglyy war that we as a people hasten ever fought. In couch to properly thank them for their heroic effort, I as a Hispanic egg face cloth essential give credit where credit is due. In order to properly do so, I must begin with the contributions of dismal America beginning with the American Revolution and continue up until the World state of war II. Make no mistake blacks make contributions well past World War II, but in the interest of time and accuracy I must stay within the confines of our earlier history. integrity main aspect that should be analyzed is the fact that no matter how hard the struggle, blacks have ever everywherecome adversity no matter what the cost. Of caterpillar track, contributions make by blacks are not limited to war alone, but include a wide spectrum of achieve work force outts that have advanced civilization as a whole. My personalised admiration and thanks go to all people who have served and continue to serve this country at any capacity. But we must never forget the contributions do by our black brothers and sisters who gave their lives fighting for a gain that so greatly affected their lives as well as our well being.Charles Dickens utter it best in his book A Tale of Two Cities, It was the best of clock it was the worst of times. The American Revolution was a time of great struggle for people of all flights. But, sombers in detail understood the literal meaning of patriot rhetoric, eagerly took up the ca use up of American granting immunity, fighting bravely in the early confrontations with the British. Though the revolution freed somewhat blacks and set the country on a course toward the abolition of knuckle downry, political accommodation to plantation owners forestalled e servicemancipation for some blacks in the south for 90 more years.A black man was one of the prototypal martyrs of the patriot cause. Crispus A ttucks, apparently a break ones back who had give away from his owner 20 years before, died in the Boston Massacre in 1770. Though facts were repugn at trials then as now, witnesses said Attucks hit a British officer with a life-sized piece of firewood, grabbed a bayonet and urged the crowd to attack however before the British fired. Attucks and two others were killed small-arm eight were wounded, two mortally. caustics served at the encounters of Lexington and Concord.Peter Salem, a freed slave, stood on the green at Lexington facing the British when the first battle broke out with the stab that was heard around the ball. One of the last hands wounded in the battle as the British escaped to Boston was Prince Estabrook, a black man from West Lexington. At least 20 blacks, including Peter Salem, were in the ranks two months later when the British attacked an American position outside Boston in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Salem has been honored for firing the shot that killed Major John Pitcairn, the British officer who led the Redcoats when they had attacked his small unit at Lexington.Unable to infer outside Boston and then threatened with cannon surrounding the city, the British left Boston for raw(a) York. As the war changed from a Massachusetts endeavor to a broader encroach throughout the colonies, the politics of race changed dramatically. Blacks had been welcomed in the impertinent England militia, but Congress initially decided against having them in the Continental army. Congress inevitable prevail from the South if all the colonies were to win their independence from England. Since southern plantation owners wanted to keep their slaves, they were hydrophobic to give guns to blacks.Congress ordered all blacks removed from the army, but black veterans appealed directly to George Washington, who took up their cause with John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress. Blacks serving in the army were yielded to stay, but new enlist cu stodyts were forbidden. Though the solvent of Independence declared that all hands were created equal, many blacks soon saw more opportunity on the British side. The British governor of Virginia promised ready independence and wages to any slave who would join the Kings army.Hundreds flocked to the quantity of the governor, Lord Dunmore, but he was denied a base on the land by the American forces and many of the blacks who joined him died of smallpox on overcrowded ships. The loyalty of blacks was a serious array issue for the American reach outers because blacks do up one-fifth of the two million people in the colonies. With the British soldiers already out procedureing the American troops, and enlisting difficult for the patriots, the northern colonies soon again began to enlist blacks. Rhode Island made up a regiment virtually entirely of blacks.As the war continued, colonies as far south as Maryland and Virginia were recruiting free blacks for the American cause. As th e war spread into the South, Congress found it needed to recruit slaves. It offered to pay South Carolina slave owners $1,000 for able-bodied male slaves. The slaves would receive no pay, but would be given $50 and their freedom at the end of the war if they served well and faith amply. The South Carolina Assembly threatened to leave the war, dooming the plan in the south colonies. Recruitment of blacks to the American cause continued further north, but the patriots had less success than the British.The offer of immediate freedom extended by Virginias unfortunate loyalist governor was in conclusion made by the British throughout the colonies. Slaves joined the British by the tens of thousands. The fate of the loyalist blacks varied considerably. Some were captured by Americans and either returned to their masters or treated as war loot and sold back into slavery. some 20,000 were with the British at the end of the war, taken to Canada or the Caribbean. Some became the founders o f the British colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa.Even though the British offered slaves a better deal, many blacks served on the American side. They made up a sizeable share of the men in the Continental navy, state navies and the large force of American privateers. Blacks had long been in the labor force on ships and at seaports. On the water, then as now, skill counted for more than politics. The precise role of blacks in the revolution is difficult to quantify. Blacks in those days by and large did not write. The people who did write early histories of the revolution were whites and c at oncentrated on the efforts of white men.Also, many participants in the revolution were not specifically identified by race in the documents of the time and historians now have no way of knowing whether they were black. When blacks were allowed to serve in the American military, they often did work as laborers, sometimes in addition to regular soldier duties. Usually they were privates, though a few rose to earn to it small groups of men. The words of the Declaration of Independence were taken literally by blacks and some whites. In, 1780, Pennsylvania became the first colony to pass a law phasing out slavery.Children born to slaves after that date were granted their freedom when they reached 28. Other northern states followed. The Superior Court of Massachusetts held in 1783 that slavery violated the state constitution, and New Hampshire also ended slavery by a court ruling. Vermont outlawed slavery and Connecticut and Rhode Island passed gradatory emancipation laws. New York outlawed slavery in 1799 and New Jersey followed in 1804. The international slave trade was outlawed in 1808. Progress then came to a stop. A boom in cotton production spread the slave economy into the lower Mississippi Valley.Slave states were careful to control at least half the political power in the federal government, blocking any national fecal matter against slavery until the Civil War. The 54th Massachusetts Regiment On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, vent the slaves in the rebelling territories of the confederacy and authorizing Black enlistment in the Union regular army. Since the beginning of the Civil War, free Black people in general, and Black Bostonians in particular, were ready to gather arms on behalf of the Union, yet they were prevented from doing so. usual racial stereotypes and institutional secernment against Blacks in the military contributed to the prevailing myth that Black men lacked the news program and bravery necessary to serve their country. By the fall of 1862, however, the lack of White Union enlistment and quisling victories at Antietem labored the U. S. government to reconsider its racist policy. As Congress met in October to address the issue of Black enlistment, various troops of Black volunteers had already been organized, including the First South Carolina and the Kansas Colored T roops.It wasnt until January 26, 1863 however, that secretary of war Edwin Stanton authorized the enlistment of Black troops. As a result, the 54th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer understructure was founded, becoming the first all-Black Union regiment raised in the north. Training began for Black volunteers at dwell Meigs in Reedville, MA on February 21, 1863. Although some members of the community voiced opposition to the prevention of Black men from achieving the rank of colonel or officer, most community activists urged Black men to seize the opportunity to serve in the Union forces.The fear many Black volunteers had slightly the potentiality racism of White officers and colonels was calmed when Massachusetts governor John Andrew assured Bostonians that White officers assigned to the 54th Regiment would be young men of military experience, of starchy anti-slavery principles, ambitious, superior to a vulgar contempt for color, and having faith in the capacity of colored men for military service. Andrew held to his word, appointing 25-year-old Robert Gould Shaw as colonel and George P. Hallowell as lieutenant.The son of wealthy abolitionists, Shaw had been educated in Europe and at Harvard before connection the seventh New York National Guard in 1861. In 1862, when Governor Andrew contacted Shaws father about the prospect of commissioning his son as colonel of the soon-to-be organized fifty-fourth, Shaw was an officer in the Second Massachusetts Infantry. Although slow to accept the commission, Shaw eventually became colonel. By the time training began at Camp Meigs, Shaw and his officers began work with the soldiers whose bravery would forever change public perception of Black military skill and valor.Black community leaders crossways the country such as Frederick Douglass and William Wells Brown served as recruiting agents for the Union army. As a result, over 1000 volunteers enlisted in the 54th Regiment, a response so overwhelming that Mass achusetts organized a indorse Black regiment, the fifty-fifth. Men of the fifty-fourth represented twenty-four states, the District of Columbia, the West Indies, and Africa. Approximately 25% of them had been slaves, over 50% were literate, and, although as civilians they had worked in forty-six dissimilar occupations, the overwhelming majorities (55%) were common laborers.Regardless of origin, occupation, or social class, the men of the 54th Regiment both inspired Bostons Black community and provided a symbol of fleece for abolitionists across the country. Activists such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass visited Camp Meigs to show their support. Although the organization of the 54th Regiment resolved the conflict over Black enlistment in the Union army, the struggle of Black soldiers to gain respect in the military was just beginning.Upon arrival in the south, the Black soldiers were often treated as common laborers and the potential for their valor on the battle business line was disregarded. Upon arriving in Georgia on June 11, they were ordered by Col. James capital of Alabama of the Department of the South to raid the town of Darien. Reports of Black soldiers burning buildings and ravaging the homes of townspeople confirmed stereotypes of Black soldiers as un-trainable brutes. Col. Shaw found the raid on Darien barbarous and distasteful, and sent a letter to Brigadier general George C.Strong, requesting that the men be used in the planned attack on build up Wagner, South Carolina. On July 16, the 54th Regiment fought alongside White soldiers of the 10th Connecticut Infantry in a skirmish on James Island, SC. This battle redeemed the Black soldiers fighting ability in the eyes of White skeptics, including oecumenical Strong, who commanded the 54th Regiment to lead the assault on Fort Wagner, scheduled for July 18. Strategically, a successful attack on Fort Wagner would allow Union forces to seize control of Charleston Harbor. Located on Morris Island, Fort Wagner protected Battery Gregg overlooking Fort Sumter.Thus, seizure of Fort Wagner was valuable because it enabled the Union to shell Sumter and close the haven to confederate blockade runners, thereby paving the way for further Union attack on Charleston. Fort Wagner was located at the northern tip of Morris Island, and was controlled by 1700 troops and 17 artillery guns. Depleted to just over 600 men by the skirmish two days previous, the men of the 54th Regiment were ordered to lead the assault on Fort Wagner with the backing of regiments from New York, Connecticut, Maine, and Pennsylvania.Before the charge commenced, Colonel Shaw ordered the regiment to produce yourselves as men. Within 200 feet of the Fort, the confederates began to attack as the brave men of the 54th Regiment struggled through darkness, four-foot wakeless water, and marshland. Colonel Shaw, accompanied by dwindling numbers of dying men, managed to reach the top of the parapet where a cutting hand-to-hand beleaguer ensued, the Black Union soldiers with bayonets against the White Confederate soldiers with handspikes and gun rammers.Colonel Shaw was mortally wounded with a pierce through the heart, along with a dozen of his men. Meanwhile, members of the 54th Regiment some wounded, some dying began to move back those who refused to back down were taken prisoner. As the smoke cleared, evidence of Confederate victory was immediately apparent, with 174 heighten casualties and 1515 Union soldiers dead or wounded. Of the eleven regiments who participated in the Union assault, the fifty-forth Regiment accrued the most casualties, with 256 of their 600 men dead or wounded.Despite the heavy losses, the assault on Fort Wagner proved to the nation and the world the valor of Black soldiers in general and the men of the 54th Regiment in particular. From the ranks of the fifty-forth came stories of unfailing patriotism and without end glory. The men of the 54th Massachus etts Regiment, their White officers, colonel, and allies, not only struck a blow for American freedom and unity, they also proved to the nation and the world the valor, bravery, and devotion of African American soldiers. In the sacrifice made by Col.Shaw and his soldiers, Americans witnessed, for the first time, the supremacy of equality over racism, discrimination, and ignorance. Upon his death at Fort Wagner, the body of Col. Shaw was fit(p) in a mass grave on Morris Island along with the bodies of his soldiers. The lack of proper military sepulture for a man who had distinguished himself as a soldier and as a leader was mean to insult the honor of Shaw and his family, who were deemed as race traitors by Confederates and White unionists alike.However, upon learning that his son had been buried with his black soldiers, Francis Shaw stated, with dignity, that We hold that a soldiers most appropriate burial place is on the field where he has fallen. This statement and the honor displayed by the Shaw family and veterans of the fifty-fourth helped immortalize Shaw and his men as symbols of the Civil War battle for unity and equality. As a result of the 54th Regiment, over 180,000 Black men enlisted under the Union gladiola between 1863 and 1865. AFRICAN AMERICAN MILITARY do from WWI through WWII.During the global conflicts of the first half of the twentieth century, U. S. servicemen fought in Europe for the first time in the nations history. African Americans were among the troops act to combat in World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII), even though they and other black Americans were denied the full blessings of the freedom for which the United States had pledged to fight. Traditional racist views about the use of black troops in combat initially excluded African Americans from the early recruiting efforts and much of the actual combat in both wars.Nonetheless, large numbers of African Americans still volunteered to fight for their country in 1917-18 a nd 1940-45. at a time again, many black servicemen hoped their military contribution and sacrifice would prove to their white countrymen that African Americans desired and be a fully participatory role in U. S. society. Unfortunately, the deeply entrenched negative racial attitudes preponderating among much of the white American population, including many of the nations top military and civilian leaders, made it very difficult for blacks to serve in the military establishment of this period.African-American servicemen suffered numerous indignities and received circumstantialr respect from white troops and civilians alike. The historic contributions by blacks to the defense of the United States were usually ignored or downplayed, while combat failures similar to those of whites and violent racial incidents often provoked by whites were exaggerated into a condemnation of all African Americans. In the Jim Crow world of pre-1945 America, black servicemen confronted not only the ha tred of enemies abroad but that of enemies at home.African-American soldiers and sailors had two formidable obstacles to deal with discrimination and segregation. Yet, black servicemen in both world wars repeatedly demonstrated their bravery, loyalty, and ability in combat or in support of frontline troops. Oftentimes, they accomplished these tasks without proper training or adequate equipment. Poor communications and a lack of reverberance with their white officers were two additional burdens hampering the effectiveness and efficiency of African Americans in the military.Too frequently, there was little or no recognition or gratitude for their accomplishments. One of the worst slights of both wars was the willingness of the white establishment to allow racism to influence the award of the prestigious Medal of Honor. Although several exceptionally heroic African Americans performed kit and boodle worthy of this honor, not one received at the time the award that their bravery and se lf-sacrifice deserved.It took over 70 years for the United States to rectify this error for WWI and over 50 years for WWII. Despite the hardships and second-class status, their participation in both wars helped to transform many African-American veterans as well as helped to eventually change the United States. Though still limited by discrimination and segregation at home, their bear in Europe during WWI and WWII made many black servicemen aware that the racial attitudes so common among white Americans did not prevail everywhere else.The knowledge that skin color did not preclude dignity and respect made many black veterans unwilling to submit quietly to continuing racial discrimination once they returned to the United States. In addition, the growing importance of black votes beginning in the 1930s and 1940s forced the nations political and military leaders to pay more attention to African Americans demands, in particular in regard to the military. Although it was a tedious and frustrating process, one too often marked by cosmetic changes rather than real reform, by the end of WWII, the U.S. military establishment slowly began to make some headway against racial discrimination and segregation within its ranks. The stage was set for President Harry S Trumans landmark executive order of 26 July 1948. Another main contribution of note would be the trails and tribulations of the Tuskegee Airmen. In the 1940s, it was still believed that Blacks were incapable of flying aircraft. This myth was dispelled with the help of the U. S. Congress. On June 27, 1939 THE CIVILIAN PILOT education ACT was passed.This solitary ACT helped to create a reserve of civilian pilots to be called in illustration of War. Young black pilots were given the opportunity to train with U. S. approved programs located at TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE. The SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT OF 1940 also increased the opportunity for a broader participation of Blacks in the military when it banned discrimination i n the selection and training of all American citizens because of race and color. The success of the CIVILIAN PILOT raising ACT helped put the 99TH PURSUIT SQUADRON OF TUSKEGEE on the map.It was said that the success of Negro youth in the Army Air Force would be predicated upon the success of the Tuskegee Experiment. HBOs docudrama, THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN, is a good depiction of this era of Black Americans seeking acceptance as military pilots. Because of the opportunity provided by the Civilian Pilot Training Act, the number of Blacks in the ARMY AIR FORCE jumped from 2,250 in 1941 to over 145,000 by 1944. The two major groups to see combat as AAF men were the 99TH PURSUIT SQUADRON and the 332ND FIGHTER GROUP.Out of the 332nd Group came the 100th, 301st, and 302nd Squadrons under the command of Lieutenant Colonel BENJAMIN O. DAVIS, SR. , who became Americas FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN GENERAL on October 25, 1940. By 1944, the 99th was added to the 332nd and participated in campaigns in Si cily, Rome, and Romania. The 99th and 332nd earned many DISTINGUISHED UNIT CITATIONS. These historical examples are but a small sample of the many great contributions and sacrifices made by black people in order to secure freedom and prosperity for this great nation.We owe them a debt than can never be fully repaid. If anything these great contributions should curtail any negative or racial thoughts toward such a magnanimous people. You would conceptualise that with all that has transpired throughout history, that we as a people could live and coexist together with peace and harmony. My only hope is that with time people will come to realize that we are all not that different from one another and that we can thrive together for a better future for all of us.