What is the operating system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

What is the operating system - Essay Exampleonly simple cursor acting according to our commands, but actually there is a whole software program that is streak behind the scenes, and is controlling all its moves. That software program is the OS.When we purchase a computer system, it may or may not have an OS in it. The user has to install it. There are chance variable types of OS, which have come over the period. For example, Windows 2000/XP/7 (types of Windows OS which is the most common OS developed by Microsoft, compatible with PC and IBM), Apple Mac OS (which is the only OS introduced by and for Apple), Ubuntu Linux (PC and IBM compatible, a variant of Linux), Google Android (which is a new OS that goes with smart phones that support Android functionalities), and iOS (for Apple iPhones). Hence, OS muckle be found not only in computers, but also in small electronic devices like mobile phones nowadays.Discussion about OS cannot be completed with an card of how to install an OS. call back that you have to install Windows 7. Place Windows 7 DVD in the DVD-ROM, and start the PC. This starts Windows 7 booting, followed by a progress bar. A screen appears that asks for language, time and currency format, and also the input method. After inserting user settings, bounder the install plectrum after reading the license terms. Select Custom (Advanced) option, and disregard the Upgrade option to do a clean install. Select the appropriate drive where the Windows files will be installed. Windows 7 will start copying files to the hard disk while rebooting the system a few times in a number of steps. PC reboots from the DVD, since it is the first boot device. After the reboot, select the computer name and the username. An account with the name of administrator will be created. Now, select password and password hint for the administrators account. Type the product key, although you can still proceed but that will be a test version then. Windows will have to be activa ted within the next thirty days. Review your settings,

Baseball in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Baseball in the United States - Essay usageAmericans were not use to aristocracy and as a result, they had to choose from a wide range of activities that make them happy. It is of paramount importance to note that baseball play can be played by everyone regardless of age, sex, or gender as opposed to soccer, which must be played by physically fit players. Although baseball balls ar cheaper than soccer balls, the latter involves more players and spectators because it is played in an open space (Guttmann, 2012).Most moderne sports are timed, but baseball can go on if there is competition because the weaker team tries its outstrip to retire the better side. This makes baseball more interesting to American society because everybody is involved. American society is used to have a democratic way of life and they find this in baseball. Although admirers of golf, soccer, and football believe that the games are democratic, baseball fans see it as the most democratic game the world has e ver seen. European and former(a) societies view baseball as a boring game because of the interruptions, which occur during the game, but it has to be understand that the interruptions give the spectator enough time to calculate the arithmetic involved in the game. This is unlike separate games such as soccer and football, which are continuous (Guttmann, 2012).According to Ross (2012), baseball is a pastoral game that creates a feeling of harmony to the spectator it is worth noting that the game takes one from the bustle and hustle of urban center life to a traditional setting.

Essay response Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response - Essay Examplee scandalouss were victimise as a community but there were other groups of people that suffered at the reach of much(prenominal) an extremely discriminating system as well.The free black community also suffered at the hands of the white masters indirectly. The free carpenter boy who loved the slave girl could non get hitched with her because she was someone elses property. Similarly, the wives of the white masters were also victimized by their husbands versed relations with the slave women. They were forced to accept the insolent sexual behaviour of their husbands. It must have been very hard for them to turn a blind eye to the slave children their husbands bore with the slave women. Thus, women- either black or white received the most brutal blows of slavery.The free people of the North that represent a silent community ar looked upon with great look forward to by the slave girl. She wonders why they were silent as she believes that they have the po wer to change the system. The silence of the free people of the North actually represents the indifferent billet usually adopted by those people who live in their own little bubble of bearing.This is not just a personal narrative of a slave girl but a life changing experience to read active her ordeal. This narrative compels the minds of the readers to think about what it is like to be a slave to another human being. This enables us to think beyond our immediate lives and to reach out to others who are in trouble. It also pinpoints to the fact that people in trouble look up to those who are in a strong position to change the course of their lives and destinies and if their calls for help remain unanswered, then whatever hope they have turns into hopelessness and despair.If God has bestowed beauty upon her, it will prove her greatest curse. (47) This narrative is also about power, strength, hope, virtuousness and determination of human soul. The slave girl is an epitome of bravery and courage as she tries to hold back and to resist.

PILOT STUDY PROTOCOL ON POLICY THAT PROMOTE OR FACILITATE OBESITY AND Coursework

PILOT STUDY PROTOCOL ON POLICY THAT PROMOTE OR FACILITATE OBESITY AND POVERTY WITH ITS ASSOCIATED DISEASE DIABETES 2 - Coursework Exampleen poverty, corpulency and diabetes 2 many of the people diagnosed with obesity and diabetes 2 are Native Americans, blacks and Hispanics, where rate of obesity reaches upto 70%, and this has been accredited to their deprived economic conditions. Obesity and diabetes are among the vigorously growing health problems approach by Americans. The prevalence in obesity rates has caused massive cases of diabetes 2 which in turn causes amputations, high blood pressure and blindness, and also increases chances of developing depression, cancer, heart disease, asthma, immobility and arthritis.Allowing the current rates of poverty and obesity to continue change magnitude implies that America pull up stakes be trailing on a perilous track. Moreover, the obesity endemic, if left unimpeded, will contravene the substantial progress made in life expectancy and health in the new-made decades (Klein et al., 2004). Certainly, if current and future generations are to live longer, healthy and exciting lives, this cosmic problem must be contained through effective policy formulation and implementation.Obesity costs the nation over $160 one thousand million in direct therapeutic costs every year. Estimates indicate that yearly medical expenditures can be plummeted by between 7-12% if the giving medication succeeds to eradicate obesity and diabetes 2 (Levine, 2011). Additionally, through Medicare and Medicaid, a substantial cipher of this cost is financed by assiduous taxpayers and this affects both federal and state budgets and significantly hinders meaningful economic development.It is in any case costly to overlook the skyrocketing premature deaths resulting from obesity and obesity-associated chronic diseases. Consequently, this pilot study seeks to explore the state governments roles in regulating the two lethal epidemics. It will seek to explore whether the policies of developing EMR clay that back diabetes prevention, guaranteeing parity of mental and physical health services, promoting active lifestyles, increasing Medicaid

Kathleen Stewart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kathleen Stewart - Essay ExampleThere seems to be a parallel between what Mooers (2003) facsimile of the visible and the invisible of which the wealthy lives apart and seem not to notice those who do not belong to their complaisant and material circle. As Mooer (2003) put it. Visibility and invisibility is ultimately determined by where one stands in a chain of social relations linking the sphere of production and the national sphere. In the bourgeois public sphere, those who do not conform to the unmarked identity of the bourgeois male enter the public sphere at the cost of shedding their concrete, embodied identities.The behaviours of this group definitely mirror our present society, where status is low-level on ones income and where there is a never-ending want to get whichever a person with more has. stack have the innate concern and yearning for equality with those who are beyond their class, their reach, and their circle.One example for this is the overcome desire for le aders to have their own supplies of crude oil, so that they aspire to own or accommodate islands, occupy countries, and wage war in order to own or control the natural seeded player of crude oil.Yes, it seems to me that the rhythm of dreams a

The Design of Health and Safety Control Systems Assignment - 2

The Design of wellness and Safety Control Systems - Assignment ExampleThe cattle which cast on the field that houses the subterranean chamber. Any passersby on the main road which is lesser than mile outside from the location. HAZARDS Toxic sealant paint highly inflammable and heavier than air (not easy to get disposed off). olibanum being hazardous in the adjacent manner The breaking out of a fire is executable if remnants of the sealant remain within the subterranean chamber. Since the sealant sprayed is nephrotoxic its remnants may harm the grass and different crops in the grangers field. The health of the cattle and the farmer is at risk. Risk of intoxication of the forcefulness assigned to spray the sealant. Pedestrian passersby on the main road may get intoxicated. WHAT THE LAW SAYS The following regulations cover different aspects of the operation 1 discussed above. The regulations ar stated below Safe working in confine lengths According to the confined spaces regu lation 1997, regulation 1(1) a sewer is considered as confined space. According to the confined spaces regulation 1997 regulation 1(9) flammable substances, toxic gas and flammable substances are state to as HAZARDS. regulation 3 is about duties under the regulations. ACOP 22(a) Risk perspicacity must be done. Regulation 4 is regarding working in confined spaces. ... ACOP Communications (39) An adequate communication system will be needed and should enable communication (a) between those inside the confined space (b) between those inside the confined space and those outside and (c) to summon help in case of emergency ACOP (47) Gas purging by means of inert gas to for flammable or toxic gases. ACOP (51) Mechanical Ventilation for flammable or toxic gases Regulation 1997 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Regulation 3 Risk assessment Every employer sh only make a suitable and sufficient assessment of (a) the risks to the health and safety of his employees to which they are assailable whilst they are at work and (b) the risks to the health and safety of persons not in his employment arising out of or in connection with the conduct by him of his undertaking, for the purpose of identifying the measures he needs to take to comply with the requirements and prohibitions impose upon him by or under the relevant statutory provisions Management Regulation 3 ACOP 22(a) Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 11 The Act places a duty on all employers and the self-employed to take reasonably practicable steps to ensure the health and safety of people who are not in their employment, such as members of the public. 12 The Act also places a duty on employees to co-operate with their employer on health and safety matters and not to do anything which puts others at risk. OPERATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS The operational recommendations are as follows Risk assessment of the sewer should be done in compliance with the Health, Safety and Security standards. Th e farmer should be informed well in time before the

The abuse at abu ghraib happened because of basic socio-biological Essay

The abuse at abu ghraib happened because of basic socio-biological drives because humans are naturally prone to contend throng who are non considered of their own - Essay ExampleIn the United States who is the self-proclaimed protector of human rights and a country which has a multicultural society, discrimination is still a huge problem within this society. In this country hate crimes are an epidemic and a real solution towards preventing them are currently not viable since the society is not ready to transform itself and truly accept people who are divers(prenominal) from the status quo. In 2004 an unfortunate event occurred at Abu Ghraib in which Iraqi prisoners were abused by American soldiers and civilian subcontractors. This paper describes this event and proposes that the reason the abuses at Abu Ghraib occurred is because of the basic social-biological drives of humans which makes them naturally prone to treat people who are not considered of their kind inhumanely.On Apr il 2004 the entire globe learned about upright violation of human rights and abuse that American soldiers committed against Iraqi prisoners stationed in a correctional instalment in Iraq called Abu Ghraib. The acts committed by the Americans were truly inhumane and included things such as rape, physical abuse, taking naked pictures of prisoners in extremely revealing positions, urinating on them, and sodomization with batons among other despicable abuses. The story was revealed by the media when insiders in the prison revealed the photographic evidence of the horrific things happening at Abu Ghraib. The person claimed that the army was ready to elevation up the event and was going to secretly deal with the matter. The scandal created hysteria throughout America oddly within governmental officials. US government officials acknowledge that the event at this prison violated the geneva Convention which prohibits torture and cruel treatment of war prisoners. The army reported that 2 7 people are accused of being associated with abuses at Abu Ghraid, including 23 soldiers from a military intelligence

Social penetration theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social penetration theory - Essay ExampleTheir talk removes cliche standardized it has been long since we talked when they actually have little to say, life has been good it is always like that and you have magnanimous so beautiful used at times to evade the actual topics that are personally involving. The conversations do not involve personal matters on a deeper take aim. Most comments during the orientation pointedness could be meretricious or with very little sincerity or concern. The exploratory stage is where people give their picture on light matters that are yet not deep. At this point only casual friendships enlarge out of social activity and conversations revolve around politics and the weather celebrities and public figures. Conversations may involve talk like I think the senator is doing a good job with his new project. Affective stage involves a lot of personal critical opinion. Persons beat to express themselves and their emotion, what they like and what they d o not like. They start to use the first person in statements for example, I am really not into bowling, and that man angers me or I like that girl. Relationships at this point may involve kissing and intimate touching and free statements of affection like I love you. At the stable stage, persons not only express themselves they also learn to read the other persons emotions and know what to do to please them and what to avoid doing to avoid displeasing them. At this stage personal matters are shared mutually and the people in the relationship know to each integrity other to a reasonable point (Atman, & Taylor 118). Depenetration is a radical stage where friendships may break apart. hither there is exploration in depth of the advantages of the relationship in the long run and its disadvantages. People do such decisions at this point make informed decisions. It is important that relationships be allowed to develop through the stages at their pace without being hurried to allow for the parties involved to freely share their information and develop a good platform of communication that is honest. Social disclosure allows for information to be shared at the overlap callers free will. The information shared could involve activities one has been involved in or hopes to get involved in, the things they like and do not like. People share information depending on the level of trust they have developed in their counterparts and choose the information to share with them. They also consider the repercussions of sacramental manduction certain information even with their close friends(Atman, & Taylor 113). People share their personal information to reduce the match of emotional or mental stress it has on them, to seek an opinion from a second party on major decisions or to gain moral support from close friends. Others expect to gain the dominance of their partners so much that those parties will involve them in their own experiences. Other times the disclosure may l ead to the self-disclosing party being viewed differently in a better or taint reputation. The self-disclosure ferment is therefore a risk by itself. It may involve very deep rooted emotions and beliefs, secrets and scarring moments of ones past life. Relations grow with the parties ability to communicate. In most relationships people will savor not to be a burden and even compromise their own situations to avoid conflict. There is an mute expectation by parties to gain confidence and trust from their partners. The relationships do not grow constantly and linearly all the same,

Constitutional Rights before and after Arrest Research Paper

Constitutional Rights to begin with and after Arrest - Research subject ExampleThe sixth Amendment done to the Constitution of United States is the part of the Bill of Rights which put forward privileges associated to the prosecutions of the criminals. An hold back causes the withdrawal of an individuals freedom by a police man or each individual with an officially authorized authority. Usually an take hold of takes place when a person is alleged of carrying away a crime and therefore should be taken into custody. Because an arrest is in effect a exaltation it must conform to the probable cause and warrant requirements of the Fourth Amendment(Otis.H.Stephens). According to the author arrests are oft made in accordance to warrants build on initial inquiries so it is given out by a judge on apparent grounds. A court permits the investigation of a criminal employment by issuing a court order also known as writ. Therefore any investigation or arrest without a legal warrant is unfair and unconstitutional. A person has the mightily to demand as to why he is being arrested and the kind of allegation against him. An individual must fall upon the warrant to be certain that his name exists on it and to confirm the charges. Moreover the person has the correctly to be informed of his constitutional correctlys also known as Miranda rights before he is interrogated after the arrest. These include the right to remain silent and refuse to cooperate without the consultation of your attorney as the police can apply those answers against the person seized in the court. If an individual doesnt meet the expense of a lawyer, he has the privilege to beat a public defender without any cost and discuss his case with the attorney before advertize proceeding with the investigation. A person can also say no to every physical or medical test such as breathalyzer, lie detector etc. he also has the permission to contact any relative or important person to inform them about his arrest and so is allowed to make telephone calls. A person arrested with no warrant is required to be carried quickly before a court official for a credible hearing of the case. Most of the times suspects defend against arrest therefore the police might use physical force or violence to take them in custody. The courts have generally recognized that the fourth amendment permits police to use only such force as is reasonable and necessary in effectuating an arrest (Otis H.Stephens). Therefore the person being suspected should give in without much resistance and has the right to take legal action against the police if they violate this amendment. The fourth amendment has command unfair investigations and seizures of individuals and their possessions without a legal warrant specifying the place to be explored or the person to be arrested. instanter as discussed earlier the Fifth Amendment permits an individual to refuse giving a testimony that might con game himself both in judi ciary and in answer to interrogation by the police. It also contains the clause of figure of speech Jeopardy in which it is not allowed to condemn a person twice for the same allegation. The sixth amendment save points out rights that are relevant in every criminal trial such as the right to an immediate and open hearing by an neutral panel

Influence of Mergers on Firm Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Influence of Mergers on squiffy Performance - Essay ExampleThe result of a merger may therefore bemuse a positive or negative influence on a loyals productivity. This stem draws on theory and evidence in evaluating the extent to which mergers influence the performance of planetary houses. Influence of Mergers on Firm Performance Mergers increase market power of firms, which is the ability to influence the price and supply of a commodity in the market without affecting customer loyalty (Peterson, 2002). The meeting firms within a particular labor are able to establish a monopoly that is capable of controlling the quantities and prices of commodities produced. On the other hand, as DePamphilis (2002) observes, merging increases the competitive advantage of firms over competitors. A market leader results from mergers so long as governing policy favors a monopolistic market and accordingly with the perspective of market power, mergers canful be considered to confuse a positiv e influence on a firms performance. Organizational effectiveness can also be accomplished through mergers that pool resources from the merging organizations to form one firm with a strong resource base. A firm that has success to sufficient resources is capable of maintaining a competitive advantage. ... This allows the firm to have sufficient time to test the applicability of emerging inventions hence it can not encounter heavy losses. Moreover, merging firms enjoy the economies of scale due to the combined production (Sudarsanam, 2004). Mergers increase the new firms market package as a result of the amalgamation of the different levels of market character existing before the merger. In other words, firms do not lose their customers after the merger. A boffo merger requires that each firm accounts for its input in to the merger, including its human resources and customers. A greater market share resulting from the merger leads to economies of scale, increased turnover and henc e increased profitability (Bruner & Perella, 2004). Tax reduction has significant implications on a firms profitability. Each firm submits revenue enhancement as a single entity depending on the level of profits. When a firms external environment is unfavorable and makes losses yet it continues paying taxes, a merger comes in hardy to save it from collapse. Merging with a larger profit reservation company enables the loss making firm to continue producing while the larger firm enjoys a tax advantage. This may not be a favorable merger for the loss making firm and hence it may not have any positive impact on performance (Sudarsanam, 2004). Mergers develop a positive outlook of the new organization with regards to the transmission line market. The larger organization has the capacity to maintain stock stability than the original smaller firms. This stability is significant in maintaining the confidence of investors in the stock market, which on the other hand translates to a stron g capital base that is necessary for a firms long term strategic

Marks and Spencer and Global Environmental Factors Essay

label and Spencer and Global Environmental Factors - Essay ExampleMarks and Spencer is a highly successful giant in operation(p) in the UK retail sector. The success of the organization has been due to its clear mission statement and vision. It has managed to become a powerful and vibrant brand in the UK for the past one hundred years. A diverse harvest-tide line enables the organization to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. It has premium products that cater to the unique requirements of various segments. Marks and Spencer pursues a dynamic business strategy in which its tries to give the consumer a sense of attachment and feeling with particular proposition brands. This is a highly successful strategy that has enabled excellence and quality at operational and strategic levels. merchandise operations of the organization is also based upon applying smart and prudent strategies. Marks and Spencer conducts an extensive research and appraisal of the business environment. It deter mines clear and precise goals based upon its strengths and weaknesses. Appropriate business strategies are formulated in assure to take advantage of business opportunities. The organization seeks to use its core competencies.The rapid rise of globalization has created marvelous opportunities for business organizations. However it has led to significant challenges for business processes and structures. In the twenty first century, marketing round cannot ignore the importance of global environmental factors. These factors need to be studied and analyzed in tack together to achieve optimum results.

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Religion - Essay ExampleMany Indians also died while being forced to relocate, a sanitized way to refer to the ethnic cleansing of tribes which were formerly located in the area eastward of the Mississippi River. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 mandated the relocation of many tribes, predominantly the Cherokee Nation which allowed for a whites but America in what constituted the majority of what was the U.S. at that time.The Indian Removal Act was a priority of the President Andrew Jackson administration but was passed only following a contentious four calendar month congressional debate. The Act gave Jackson the authority to negotiate treaties with eastern Indians who wished to retain their sovereignty and relocate watt of the Mississippi. However, the Act also allowed those Indians wanting to stay in their home land in the east climb U.S. citizenship rights. At that time, most Americans could not conceive the country ever extending west of the Mississippi. According to the Act, relocation was meant to be on a voluntary basis, no individual or tribe was to be forced from their home. The Indian Nations in the southeast did not want to be citizens or leave consequently Jackson utilise military force against these tribes. Much of the general public assumed that removing Indians was beneficial to them. Removal would save Indian people from the depredations of whites and would resettle them in an area where they could govern themselves in peace (Indian Removal, 2007). However, few believed the removal policy was just another excuse for Jackson to exercise his long-standing sadistic and inhumane manipulation of the native people and vocally objected against this policy.Among those opposed to the Removal Act were Daniel Webster of dictionary fame, many ministers and Davy Crockett whose passionate inverse to this government policy and his support of the Cherokee Nation cost him his Congressional seat. According to Crockett in response to his

Bio-remediation Advantages and Disadvantages assessment Case Study

Bio-remediation Advantages and Disadvantages assessment - parapraxis Study ExampleMicro-organisms cannot break down metal particles. There are several bioremediation approaches that may be undertaken depending on the nature of the contaminant and the extent of contamination. QUESTION ONE There are several bioremediation regularitys that the confederation can adopt to avoid the disastrous effects of the petroleum spill accidents (Elweis 38). Bioremediation is necessary as it leave alone reduce the effects of the crude oil color spill in both environments land and water. In the first accident, the oil spill will spread in the soil of the bed as well as in water. The methods that are to be exampled for the tanker that runs aground should be able to take care of the oil that gets absorbed by the bed while as the for the second ship, the method should focus on the body waste of oil that is found on top. The method of biodegradation that can be used to degrade petroleum in the sec ond oil spill accident is nutrient enrichment. The research indicates that the major factor that hinders the biodegradation of petroleum that results from oil spills due to tanker accidents is the lack of an adequate nutrient supply to the nautical micro-organisms that decompose oil. The process involves the summing up of a carefully formulated fertilizer to the water pollute by oil. This fertilizer contains specific nutrients that fight the growth of indigenous marine micro-organisms that are responsible for degrading petroleum. The fertilizers must be carefully selected to escort only nutrients that are vital to the growth of the specific bacteria are present. The major nutrients that are undeniable for optimum growth of the marine micro-organisms that degrade petroleum are nitrogen and phosphorus. The fertilizer selected should be that which provides the abate release of nutrients. This is very important as it ensures that the nutrients are available to the micro-organism s throughout the biodegradation period. The fertilizers used are unremarkably present in two forms, either as granules or in a liquid form. The fertilizer in a liquid form is applied to the surface of water by the use of sprinklers. The use of nutrient enrichment method to combat the effects of oil spill has advantages as well as shortcomings as indicated in the table 1 below. Table 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Nutrient Enrichment Method Disadvantages Advantages Addition of nutrients could cause eutrophication lead-in to depletion of oxygen. No formation of algal blooms occurs. Some components of the fertilizer may be harmful to other marine organisms. Cases of adverse ecological effects are rare. Some of the products of bioremediation using nutrient enrichment may be harmful. The method is safer in comparison to other methods of conventional degradation. The increased growth and multiplication of the micro-organisms may cause an ecological imbalance in the marine enviro nment. The other method that can be used by the companion to reduce the effects of the oil spill is the slurry phase bioremediation that is suitable for contaminated soil (Elweis 292). It involves the excavation of the contaminated material and its transfer to the slurry where the contaminating agent is removed. The contaminated material is suspended in an aqueous solution, and the give-and-take process is conducted under saturated conditions. In this case, the contaminated

Advertising and promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advertising and promotion - Essay ExampleThis paper aims to look for the role of advertising as part of the integrated approach to marketing communications as well as some relevant models and theories that can help explain the process of communication. This is showed through with(predicate) relevant examples through real-life applications of companies and brand owners of these concepts. Lastly, this paper aims to explore the new trends in the integrated marketing communications industry with changes that ar prompted by the onset of new technology.Advertising has a distinct characteristic both as a strong force and a weak force in communicating with consumer (Jones 1990, 233-246). The advertising functions role in the overall marketing communications mix of the company depends on whether the advertising should be used as a strong force, or a weak force. In the older times, advertising has always been viewed as a strong forceit is the main function that is being used by companies t o promote products. With advertising, brands ar created as they help gain peoples attention, and later on create attitudes toward these brands (Duncan 2005). When advertising is used as a strong force, it is usually aimed to create awareness from the target audience (Jones 1990, 233-246). This is apparent in an advertisement candidacy which is developed in the late 1990s for the Meat & Livestock CommissionThe advertising developed by BMP DDB, Recipe for love, first slowed and then reversed the market decline. The ads dramatised the unique pleasures of red meat meals and advance people to make a little more effort and cook them more frequently (instead of falsify meals, chicken and so on). There was also a reassurance campaign that gave basic information about the nutritional benefits of red meat. Sales of both beef and all red meat grew in 1997 over 1996 (Broadbent 2008, 763).However, other(a) people believe that advertising, in

Challenges in Auditing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Challenges in Auditing - Literature review Example fit in to Power (1997, cited in Free, Salterio and She argonr, 2009) studying tin be described as both operational and programmatic elements. The programmatic elements relate to the concepts and ideas that take shape put and policy objectives that are existent in the political arena. Goals are formulated with the practices for the levels of programs. These levels are defined when audits are required by the regulatory agencies. The operational elements refer to the concrete routines and tasks that are practiced by the practitioners worldwide. Review The global audit regulatory system is dynamic that includes a number of organizations, which compete among them. Such competition is reflected in the take to the woods of actions from political lobbying process to policy publication papers and submission of those papers to the committees. During the period of financial crisis, it is tough to find papers that are audited by the large firms, national audit boards and the professional bodies. Another fuss link up to the financial crisis is that, the process in which the assurance operation is carried out and enacted (Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011). Audits aims at drawing widely distributed conclusion from the studies that are made regarding a topic. Thus, there is lack of potential use of the statistical foundations like sampling, which often gave limited information and provided with incorrect results. The qualitative studies carried out by Humphrey and Moizer (1990, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) and Fischer (1996, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) has suggested that the practice of the financial audit work is socially constructed. Curtis and Turley (2007, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) has argued that there are huge business happen in the audit works. They have documented the problems that are related to the translation of new concepts tha t are unquestionable by the officers at administrative levels, into the real audit techniques at the general practitioner level. The auditing profession is related to good consequences as well as bad crisis. But the auditing profession has responded boldly to the financial crisis by implementing a number of communication modes and interacting with the governmental and regulatory bodies. The clarification is needed for specifying the exact role and the obligations of the auditors. According to Woods (2009, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) the companies often face downturn, when their financial statements are not audited properly and thus it threats the proximo developments of the company. According to Cherry, Johnson and Veron (2008, cited in Humphrey, Loft and Woods, 2009) suggested that auditing practices can overshadow the standard of financial reporting. Thus, greater focus is to be provided to the volatility of the accounting numbers than to audibility of the traditional financial statements. The imbalance between the two is spy during the fair value debate. It has been suggested by Ryan (2008, cited in Humphrey, Loft and Woods, 2009) that the duration of the crisis can be reduced, if the practitioner of the auditing functions are exercising the Financial accounting System appropriately. The auditors seek to develop a firm ability to make a judgment related to the reporting of the fair values. Ryan (2008, cited

Painting Analysis at the National Gallery of Canada Essay Example for Free

Painting Analysis at the internal Gallery of Canada EssayOn a youthful field trip to the National Art Gallery in Ottawa, as a class, we looked at few videos. The painting that stood out to me was Sim maven Martinis painting titled St. Catherine of Alexandria. We have been studying the Renaissance level and this one was identifiable instantly. For our class assignment, we argon required to identify the time period or style the painting might belong to, identify its stylistic features, the date it was created, the artist, mediums employ, as well as the signifi poopce of its exit matter and its importance in the exhibition. By studying Simone Martinis painting of St. Catherine of Alexandria I was able to study it with some of the images seen in class, and from Jansons History of Art textbook. When I first looked at Simone Martini painting of St. Catherine of Alexandria, I noticed more things. I noticed how her face gesture, the position of the written reports head, and a rm size hinted naturalism however, the proportions are not yet perfected.The landing field is similarly being identified through the broach she is wearing or so her neck, which is a wheel indicating she is St. Catherine of Alexandria. I noticed the subject has a gold halo and seems to be in a narrative these techniques are seen in many paintings during the Renaissance period (as seen in image 1-4 in appendix). Being the left hand panel to the bloody shame and Child, I also knew that this piece would have significance in the narrative of Art.The use of gold (gilding- seen in image 1-4 in appendix) and materials used (tempera on forest) also led me to believe that this is a Renaissance painting. Research has helped me check into that this beautiful golden painting by Simone Martini (St. Catherine of Alexandria) was made during the early Italian Renaissance period. This is because of the style and techniques that are used within the painting. The style of the metempsychosis peri od consisted of techniques using geometry and perspective, chiaroscuro, contraposto, naturalism, and absolute themes. The main characteristics of the early include the use of one-point perspective, which creates the illusion of a three-dimensional space. The use of geometry is also typically seen in the composition of figures laid out in a three-sided form to create a sense of balance (Reznichenko, 2013 para. 2 ). During the early Italian Renaissance period the artist attempts to represent figures and nature more realistically than previously during the medieval period. They studied nature and the homosexual body to learn more about the anatomy of kind-hearteds and animals (Reznichenko, 2013 para. 3).In Simone Martinis painting of St. Catherine of Alexandria, you can see examples of this in the face gesture, the position of the subjects head, and the detail in her eye-lashes (Humanism/naturalism seen in images 3 and 5 in appendix). Early Italian Renaissance artists also used cont rast between gradations of light and inconsolable and shading, which is the technique they used to create a three-dimensional sense of space (Reznichenko 2013 para. 4). (shading seen in images 1 and 2 in appendix). In St. Catherine of Alexandria, you can see the shadows and shading throughout the painting this is especially evident in the subjects face, neck, arms and hands. The subject matter in early Italian Renaissance included some classical themes of Greek and Roman mythology as well as depicting portraits and other worldly subjects. (Reznichenko, 2013, para. 5).In Martinis painting, you see that it is both secular and sacred, but religion stands out a little more because of the subject portrayed is St. Catherine of Alexandra. Contropposto is a word that represents a the stance of the figure which ones weight rests on one floor this technique was used to create a twist in the figures body, thus, making the hip and shoulders no endless parallel (seen in images 3 and 5 in appe ndix) . The use of contropposto had been seen before but not used since the classical period. (Reznichenko, 2013, para. 6) Simone Martinis painting of St. Catherine of Alexandria does not show the subjects stance, but it does show a twist in the body (one point perspective) which creates the same idea of technique.Simone Martini, St. Catherine of Alexandria, was created in 132223, using tempera on wood. The size of the wood panel is 32 3/4 17 1/8 inches (with frame). It is part of the Collection of the National Gallery of Canada. The painting of St. Catherine of Alexandria is part of a triptych and is the left panel of the altarpiece. The specific term used for this compositors case of painting is called a polyptych. This is a three panel system with wings or side panels Madonna and Child are represented in the centre piece which was the largest section (Wikipedia, 2013, para. 1 2). The significance of the subject matter in Simone Martini painting of St. Catherine of Alexandria i s the changes that were seen during the renaissance, and the preservation of the tempera painting itself. The techniques seen during this period are very important. unrivaled being in order to depict the human figure properly, artists needed to study the anatomy. With the studying of the human body, artists used the technique of shading to create the volume and a better sense of perspective. During the restoration of St. Catherine of Alexandria, many parts were left untouched while others were carefully re-painted (Brink, 2001, para. 7) in my opinion, this says a lot about the calibre of work Martini presented. In other words, this painting is significant because of the stylistic breakthrough of its time, as well as the care and quality of the painting itselfas well as the materials used.The titling of this period re-birth or Renaissance hints this time elusive a breakthrough in art history. Through the use of geometry and perspective, chiaroscuro, contraposto, naturalism, classica l themes, and the materials used, I was able to determine the stylistic period that Simone Martini, St. Catherine of Alexandria, was created during the renaissance period. Further research helped me determine that this painting was in fact a creation of the Early Italian Renaissance period. Without the use of these techniques and materials, the significance of this time in art history would probably not be recognized as the renaissance, or re-birth of classical learning, literature and art. Studying this instance of work has helped me realize wherefore it is important to cherish certain works and learn about why they are significant. Without the renaissance period we would still be seeing bland, flat images without volume, and a lack of proportion. kit and boodle CitedBrink, J. (n.d.). Annual Bulletin 3, Simone Martinis St Catherine of Alexandria An Orvietan Altarpiece and the Mystical Theology of St Bonaventure by Joel Brink. National Gallery of Canada . Retrieved February 11, 20 13, from http//www.gallery.ca/bulletin/num3a/brink1.html Cimabue Wikipedia, the throw in the towel encyclopedia. (2013, January 31). Wikipedia, the vindicate encyclopedia. Retrieved February 11, 2013, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimabue Janson, H. W., Davies, P. J. (2007). The High Renaissance in Itali. Jansons history of art the western tradition (7th ed., p. 567). Upper shoot River, N.J. Pearson Prentice Hall. Janson, H. W., Davies, P. J. (2007). The Early Renaissance in Fifteenth-Century Italy. Jansons history of art the western tradition (7th ed., p. 545). Upper level River, N.J. Pearson Prentice Hall. Polyptych Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2012, February 7).Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved February 11, 2013, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyptych Reznichenko, T. (n.d.). Characteristics of Italian Renaissance Art eHow.com.eHow How to Videos, Articles More Discover the expert in you. eHow.com. Retrieved February 11, 2013, from http//www.ehow .com/list_6459200_characteristics-italianrenaissance-art.html Simone Martini Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, February 3). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved February 11, 2013, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Martini Steinhart, J. (n.d.). St.Catherine of Alexandria by Simone Martini at National Gallery of Canada. Ottawa, ON.. Travel Photo Base gentlemans gentleman Image Collection Visual Travel Planner. Retrieved February 11, 2013, from http//travelphotobase.com/v/CDNON/ONOG30 Tribute Money Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2012, August 3). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved February 11, 2013, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_Money

Pollution Essay Example for Free

contaminant EssayChapter I(AIR befoulment)I. Background of the study* According to the study thermionic vacuum tube manila paper including Quezon City is often polluted because of the particles emitted by thousand of push back vehicles plying the streets/roads of whole Metro Manila and everyday they set in to a large extent to the large smoky haze of the metropolis. Commuters like us students that atomic number 18 victimisation jeeps, motorcycles, and other non-air-conditioned mode of transport have taken or inclined(predicate) to the harmful particles in the air. Polycyclic reminiscent Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are cancer causing pollutants chemicals that are release by the combustion process in the motor vehicles.Other studies shows commuters, residents and including like us are exposing to the harmful toxins in the air that can cause wellness risks including cancer. Other cause of Air taint that can cause to our health is smoking and the second-hand so-and-so roughly t he campus field of operation, all we grapple smoking is very dangerous to our health but many of us are still smoking, the smoke from their cigarettes are also can harm the health of the non-smokers around health because the smoke from their cigarettes are containing chemicals like hydrogen cyanide, Benzene, formaldehyde and etc. that can harm to the health of others. * As we know STI COLLEGE FAIRVIEW is located REGALADO Ave. and regalado avenue is one of the busy roads of Quezon City and a lot of public and hidden vehicle travel around our campus/ area thats why we are prone to AIR POLLUTION and the addition of the heavy smokers.Here are the some effects of air pollution according to do Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and ozone are pollutants of serious health concern in Metro Manila Motor vehicles are the major sources of particulate pollution in Metro Manila Considerable unwholesomeness and mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases could have been prevented with better air quality in Metro Manila in 2002 For every 10g/m3 increases in PM10, incidence rates for respiratory and cancel mortality increase by 2.6% and 3.9%, respectively Indoor PM10 increases as outdoor PM10 increases with cigarette smoking as significant contributor to indoor PM10 levels Better formulation give the sack quality reduces occurrence of hospital admissions. business firm using LPG as fuel for cooking has the lowest hospital admissions of 19.3% compared with those using wood (27.3%) and kerosene (25.3%). sister Health Incidence of respiratory symptoms and diseases increases as level of exposure to particulate matter pollution increases asthma attack incidence rate is 14.9 per 1,000 population in high PM10 exposure area, 11.5 in medium exposure area and 8.2 in low exposure area. Significant risk factors for respiratory symptoms are age, indoor NO2 level, cooking fuel and educational attainment of mothers There is a significant improvement in blood lead le vels among children in Metro Manila. In 2003, only 34.6% of study children exceeded the US Centre for Disease Control guideline cling to of 10 g/dl, an improvement from the 90.3% value in 2000. Adult Health The type of household cooking fuel and number of smokers in the household are significant predictors of respiratory symptoms among adults Fine particulate pollution contributes to events of respiratory symptoms and diseasesThe same study estimated the deaths in Metro Manila attributable to PM10 level above 50g/m3 were from 230 to 390 personsII. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMIII. SCOPE LIMITATION* The scope of this study is the students of STI COLLEGE FAIRVIEW and other students of OLFU that are prone to air pollution and the students that having health problems like asthma and etc. * The limitation of smoking area for the smokers is atlease 10 meters away from the campus area.

Morality and Relagion Essay Example for Free

Morality and Relagion EssayMorality refers to a set of principles that guide an individual on how ane evaluates office and wrong. People believing in piety consider chasteity is shaped by theology because they retrieve that chasteity can be understood only in the context of piety therefore, those apparitional raft insist if there were no religion, volume would be out of control. However, spectral pictures give people a wrong definition of moral appraise, indeed, morality is shaped only by inherent aptitude and environment. unheeding of religion, morality comes from instinct. Human beings be social creatures they withstand to live in groups for reproduction and survival that has not changed at all since the ancient time. Looking back to history, people live in groups to sh ar food, to buck c are of infants and build social networks to meet the daily challenges of their environment. Similarly, at the present time, people value their guild for the same purposes. E ven though the way to live has changed for instance, in the St superstar Age people track down and shared foods for their hold, unlike people who do business for their living nowadays they still depend on from separately one early(a) for reproduction and survival.Therefore, people instinctively have to keep their relationship between distributively other, and morality is formed to maintain the relationship. Consequently, every gracious being has morality regardless of religious beliefs. If the religious people insist that religions shape morality, non-religious people or atheists shouldnt have morality. However, those people do have morality and they can judge the social functions right or wrong like other people who deal in religion. Furthermore, people who believe in religion said that the religion shapes morality, yet there are so many different religions around the world.Some people believe in delivererianity, other believes in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam etc. Each re ligion worships different Gods, and has difference belief systems. Christians, for instance, believe in Jesus Christ while Buddhists venerate Gautama. Even though the same religion, there are different branches. Christianity, for instance, has Catholics and Protestants on the other hand, Buddhism separate to Mahayana and Theravada. Therefore, if the morality is formed base on religion, the definition of morality should vary since there are many different regions. However, morality that people use in an attempt to do the right thing is the same.Trolley Problem, posted by Phillipa Foot in her 1967 paper, Abortion and the Doctrine of Double encumbrance patron for clear understanding about morality (Clark). She was a British philosopher, and she explained if a individual consecrate in dilemma to choice for saving five peoples lives or a persons life, he or she must choose five peoples lives to save instead of one no matter whatever religion he or she believes. Therefore, religion d oes not pertain morality. If the religions control peoples moral values, different religions will define different moral values, and the consequence about Trolley Problem may vary. On the other hand, not only humans yet also animals have morality.Frans de Waal, Charles Howard Candle professor of Primate Behavior in the Emory University, shared the experimental results that showed the moral behavior in animals. Chimpanzees help each other to get food, and they reconcile after fighting. Those behaviors pretty such(prenominal) indicate their morality (Waal). Since both human and animals have morality, religion that only existence in human world could not be a source of forming moral. Environment shapes moral values. Religion does not demand moral values, but environment does affect because adaption on environment is very important for survival.Darwins evolutionary theory Natural Selection proved that all living organisms modified to adapt the environment. Consequently, moral value is different from each environment where people live. Western countries are more individualistic while Asian countries are more collectivistic. Americans, for example, individuality is a moral value however, helping each other is a moral value in China. Mr Meier, ESL 33B professor, who has an experience for teaching both American and Asian students, mentioned that American students do not willing help each other during the test because they believe self-1 / 2 reliance as a moral value.Contrast, Asian students prefer to help each other during the test because using each other to achieve their gold is a moral value for Asian countries. Consequently, governments get involved in defining the different moral values. The US government has less control on the society therefore, people have more freedom, and it leads to enhance the self- reliance as a moral value. However, Asian countries, where government rigorously controls various aspects, have less freedom and people in those countries have to rely on each other to get to their goals.Therefore, those people regard helping each other as a moral value. In addition, cultures, which co-exist in different environments, also define the moral values. In Asian cultures, people are taught to respect and thrill elder people. Therefore, people from Asia believe respecting the elder and victorious care of those people as a moral value. For instance, in Japan, content wellness insurance system is running very healthy because people are willing to pay insurance fees, which helps elder people who need health care services. People consider even though they do not need health services right now, elder people who need health care gain the benefits from insurance system, and they are happy to help those people by paying monthly insurance fees.However, in Western culture, people regard self-belief as a moral value, and they do not prefer to help elder people. Therefore in the US, national health insurance system does not exist, and even though President Obama tried to construct the health insurance system, it did not work well because of different moral values. Therefore, moral value is pretty a good deal related to environment. Religious beliefs exacerbate the collapse the morality.Religion controlled its believers, and people believing in religion melt to believe whatever the rules that religion lay down. For instance, chuck out burial, which is take place in Tibetan Buddhism, is the around gross burial way if we think from our common sense of morality. Human corpses are placed on a mountaintop as a prey for birds such as vultures, eagles and other scavengers. Buddhist monks are subjected to the sky burial funerary. They go to the mountaintop by themselves to conduct the funeral ceremony. However, that is normal for people who believe in Tibetan Buddhism because religion teaches the believers Humans are part of nature.(People) arrive in the world naturally and they leave it naturally. Life and remna nt are part of a wheel of reincarnation. Death is not to be feared. (Xinran 159). Therefore, they were controlled by religion to believe conducting sky burial is the way to return the body back to the nature. On the other hand, religious belief ignite the peoples competitive spirit that lead to break morality. Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is one of the examples that easy to understand for how religious belief stir the peoples competitive spirit. ISIS, the biggest Islamic terrorist group, attempts to raise a new Islamic country in Middle East.ISIS has rapidly expanded by taking over Iraq and Syria territories. ISIS has killed so many innocents who do not follow Islam. This flagitious behavior occurred because of ISIS, which was created by extreme Muslim believers, who regard their religion as the best on the world. They want to spread their religion therefore, they military other people to become a part of Muslim believer by using immoral ways. Therefore, religious bel iefs lead people to collapse the morality. In conclusion, morality is important to maintain our society.Every living organism that depends on each other to maintain life cannot survive without morality. However, humans misunderstand that religion shapes morality, but if we think critically, we can understand that morality is formed not because of religion but because of instinct and environment. Works Cited Clark, Josh. How the Trolley Problem Works. How Stuff Works. N. p. ,n. d. Web, 24 Oct. 2014. Waal, Frans De. Moral Behavior in Animals. TED. N. p. , Nov. 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2014 Xinran, Xue. throw Burial. Sky Burial. New York Anchor Books, July. 2006. Print. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Poverty and the US Economy Essay Example for Free

Poverty and the US providence EssayToday, t here(predicate) be essential, emerging and developing countries in the world. A larger percentage of quite a little live under extreme leanness in most developing countries. In most developed countries poverty exist, but a lower proportion. Most developing countries formulate policies either financial or fiscal to reduce the prevalence of poverty. However, there is no country without a form _or_ system of political science options for elimi body politic poverty. In a broader sense, poverty gougenot be eradicated, but can be reduce to a reliable level. This is why countries be pursuing various polices that could help reduce poverty in their region. Fiscal and monetary policies be the main tools use in formulating various st placegies, actions that aim to reduce poverty. This distinguish leads us to poverty issue in the United States of the States. Then, what are the various policies that can be used to eliminate poverty in the country. Should the form _or_ system of government makers make use of fiscal or monetary policy? Subsequently, what policy tools leave behind be used, fiscal or monetary? In this write up there testament be a comprehensive analysis on what policy option that should enacted to eliminate poverty in the USA.To begin with, soul what fiscal and monetary policy entails is necessary. Then, what is fiscal policy? In a simple term, fiscal policy refers to an effort by the government to manage, influence and guide the tempo or direction of the economy by using its major tools taxation and its total spending. There are two major tools of fiscal policy, which are taxation and government spending. In addition, there could be contractionary or expansionary fiscal policy. Expansionary fiscal policy here means when there is change magnitude in government spending or reduction in taxation.This comm entirely leads to budget deficit and vice versa. While, monetary policy refers to an effort by the government to change the chiliad of the economy by influencing or controlling the money supply and beguile rates. These various policies are chased by government in other to achieve the basic scotch objectives of full commerce, stability in price level and growth of the economy. However, in the US the fiscal or monetary policies have to be enacted in other to reduce or eliminate poverty. In performing this task, different things have to be put in their flopful place.Even though, poverty cannot be eliminated from the country yet with a very(prenominal) good fiscal and monetary policies it proportion could be reduce. The reason why I believe poverty cannot be completely eliminated is because of the focussing economy and population evolves. From time immemorial, there have been some certain kinspersones of people in the economy. They range from upper, middle and lower single outes. In any economy, there pass on endlessly be the lower class and this comprises of the pe ople living below the poverty line.In addition, there will al delegacys be those at the receiving end. Africa can be a very good example of this issue. Therefore, there is right smart how we would not have poverty in any nation. What can only be through with(p) is to reduce drastically the number. In country like the US, the poverty rate can be reduced to a small level if government pursues good monetary and fiscal policies. The government could enact fiscal, monetary policies and both(prenominal) together in the economy to reduce the poverty rate. These would be explained as followsFirstly, we are sledding to consider the fiscal policy. Since, our main aim is to reduce the level of poverty. The government could pursue both the contractionary or expansionary fiscal policy. However, global financial crises have an overall effect on the nations economy. Moreover, the US government could enact contractionary policy to reduce the level of inflation. Since, the tools of fiscal policy are taxation and government spending. The government should reduce its spending and profit the tax of the elite and the upper class in the nation only.When this is done, the government will have more funds, which could be spent on increasing the aggregate need of the lower class or people living below the poverty line. In a way the accepted income of the lower class will be increased through this policy, since the funds will be redistribute from the rich to the poor. In a way, there is the effect that fiscal policy has on the nation at large and on the individual as a consentaneous. In as much as our focus relates to individual then, we pursue those action that will be beneficial to the individual rather than the whole nation.In addition, when government pursue budget deficit the economy is receiving less than what its expend. In this case, the government will have to finance this deficit using different approaches. They could borrow the populace or sell assets. sale of asset may include the sale of bail bonds and treasury bills in other to offset the deficit. Treasury bills and bond are example of government tools use to reduce the money in circulation. Government sells these to the public in other to remove money in circulation.This money needed will be gotten from the upper class or the rich by increasing their tax. On the other hand, an expansionary fiscal policy could also be enacted. Here, the government should reduce the tax of the lower class and government should increase their spending on economic activities that could increase aggregate demand of this lower class and result in increased productivity. When government takes this action, the real income or the expendable income of this class of people would increase and thereby increasing their purchasing power.Given that, disposable income is the income that is left for spending when tax has been removed from income. In addition, when government increases their spending they pursue budget defi cit. Here, they should commence these funds on economic activities that could increase the productivity and aggregate demand of the lower class. When there is increase in government spending, it means that the government is redistributing its asset to its populace. Thereby increasing total productivity in the economy and leading to increase in total income.This increase in total income will drop down to the lower class and increase their disposable income. In essence, when government pursues the basic economic objective, they will be solving the issue of eliminating poverty indirectly. Therefore, the government could use fiscal policy in reducing the level of poverty in the nation However, the government in pursuing this objective of eliminating poverty can also use monetary policy. They could also use expansionary monetary policy. In a way, contractionary monetary policy will not be effective in achieving this objective.When they wish to use expansionary policy, the government s hould influence the interest rate by reducing it using its various tools. When this happens, investment will increase leading to increase in productivity that will trickle down to the lower class. Since, increasing productivity more fatigue effort would be require in achieving this. Then, there will be increase in employment that will trickle down to the lower class. In a way, more people will be employed and this will include the lower class.This situation will increase the real income of the lower class and will enable them live above the poverty line. However, the contractionary monetary policy will not be effective in this case. Since, under this policy there will be reduction in the rate of interest and consequently leading to decrease in productivity. When productivity is reduced, it means inventory is reducing and companies are sacking workers and this most times affects the lower class. Therefore, this will further worsen poverty situation in the country and contributing to increase in the level of unemployment.In another way, the government could combine both fiscal and monetary policies in other to achieve their objective of eliminating poverty in the country. What is needed is the right combination in other to guide against inflation. The government could influence the interest rate and at the equal time enact policy that would make lower income earners pay reduce tax or used to offset the feedback from these policy option. The government could also combine expansionary monetary and fiscal contractionary policies in a way to offset any feedback from this policy options.In conclusion, there are ways the government of the United States of America could use to eliminate poverty. However, we should have it in mind that poverty cannot be eliminated permanently in the country. It could only be reduce to its barest minimum. In a way, the government actions are very vital. The two main policies to be enacted are the monetary and the fiscal policy. Finally , I think the global financial crises have a way of influencing the way these policies will work.

Harley Davidson Five Forces Analysis Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson Five Forces Analysis Es vocaliseIn our posture competitive world in the business where customer appreciations atomic number 18 continuously changing, prices of raw materials and approach of press are increasing and world(a) economy is becoming unst equal, it is al ways been a difficult task for companies to lay all in all over and perform business. And these barriers control been a familiar scene in the global business. That is why for most companies in high society to over get into such of these difficult challenges, innovativeness and the desire to be genuinely critical and most gravid of the changes in the attention and the whole global economy is heightsly necessary. Just wish advantageously for Harley Davidson as the chief(prenominal)(prenominal) pore of this view, even though the order currently established itself for being the highly rated cycle sign in the world, it is still non enough for the social club to be relaxed and feel that they flock be utile and enticing to the market as years goes on. That is why in this musical composition it depart directly center on how do Harley Davidsons competitors are doing at the present, what are some of the strategies that they do to compete. With this information to the highest degree the competitors, how does this information be used by the party in terms of opportunities for them to use it as a strategy against them?Also, making use of this information to handle future threats as nearly, this is in order for them to forewarn and provide some immediate actions. In the second part of this paper, it will guidance on how the confederation can apply Porters tailfin forces tool in order to continually achieve competitive favour over its competitors. Also at the second part of this try it will discuss on how motorcycle companies like Harley Davidson, can still earn above number return even though the union falls at the high-end market with to a greater exte nt than(prenominal) on the rattling(a) and recreation side and not as necessity for customers.Also, with that, what are the actors or contributors that will lead to that conclusion or will help make water that goal? Study of Harley Davidsons Major Competitors As the pi unmatcheder and one of the oldest known brands in the motorcycle industry in the world, Harley Owners Group has been in the industry since 1983 and due to its growing influence worldwide, it already has over 1,000 chapters and over a million members worldwide. But, not all of its members own a bike it is only the prestigiousness and respect about the Harley machines that made them decide to be a member.As one of the strength of the companionship, it has been continually establish its brand as the number one brand in the world, with over 5 cardinal USD annual revenue annually. In terms of its competitors, the confederacys briny competitors, most specially in terms of plan are the fol brokening BMW, Victory, Hond a, Suzuki and Yamaha, but among these lists, Honda has become the closest and toughest competitor of Harley Davidsons motorcycles. (Harley Davidson Motorcycle, n. d. ).With the bon tons main focus on design, forest and most specially durability, it continuously has been in the forefront of the high-end and specious motorcycle business in the world. That is alike why 80% of the total revenue of the company comes from motorcycle sales. With regards to the companys competitor, even though the company clearly dominates the American market as its origin, which has registered in the 2006 market share, the company has eaten up half of the market or 50% while far second and third are Honda and Suzuki with 15. 1% and 12. 9% respectively.But the question now is not only the American market but instead what this paper is focusing is what the competitors are doing in the global scene. Which is actually smaller, like for Canadian market, it drops to 38. 4% still relatively high, but what is more alarming and of necessity to be focus on by the company is on the European market which is only 10. 2%, but still the company has a noticeably high market share globally as it generates at an average of 33%. And this is more alarming because it will also follows that the companys net revenue growth also shows very small in other major regions in the world.With this event, it is necessary for the company that it require to strengthen its presence in these main regional markets, because in the long run, it will be a enigma that the company ineluctably to focus on. The two main reasons why these competitors get-go to entice substantial number of customers are (1) they have greater financial resources, like Honda and Suzuki, with their global presence, they have enough financial support in every region that they work on.Meaning to say these companies knows that they know how to make use of their money in enticing potential customers and retaining current customers as thor oughly and they can even compete with price and that will soon be a serious worry with Harley Davidson, since the competition is on how to innovate with technologically funded studies that will still provide quality as well as make the product still not that so expensive.Lastly, (2) these companies, like Honda and Suzuki are obviously more diverse than Harley Davidson they sell a lot of products with a lot of brands and choices that customers can choose, from cars, to simple scooters up to high-end luxurious brands of motorbikes and not only that with wide variety of choices to choose from. This is another serious problem by the company in the long run, since these competitors knows how they can be well-trusted by the customers and if you made such products with quality in all of it, it will be a positive sign for these companies and that will create problem for the company.With these two main reasons, Harley Davidson needs to formulate a strategy that will address these problems i n order not to get along add problem in the future and also not to wait until the companys edge in the global market be removed or at least be reduced. Also, based on this study, the company must(prenominal) also look forward in addressing these issues while they are still room to operate due to its continuing edge in the global market. (Harley Davidson (HOG), n. d. ). In the second part of this paper, the main focus is on how the company can effectively apply Porters fiver forces model in attaining competitive advantage.The five forces of Porters method that are popularly applied by companies are (1) Potential entrants, (2) Buyers, (3) Substitutes, (4) Suppliers, and (5) Industry competitors. In all(prenominal) of these five forces, there is an important factor that contributes to the supremacy or failure of each forces and this will be discussed separately as to how the company can effectively apply it. In the entry barrier, where it mainly focus on the potential entry of cru de products or brands, the company must continue to be very pro-active in this part as the competitors are becoming very aggressive in this area.What Harley Davidson should do is to increment the customer awareness of their motorcycle brand in some of the regions that they are starting to have a very low market share like in the European and Asian market. Studying cost advantage and relatively access to distribution are two of the most important focus that the company should do. Also, can be added to that is to have an in-dept study on the Government policies which might be the effect of low market share, because the territories that the company operates must also need to be well represented and not just putting up a business.In the rivalry determinants, which mainly focus on both the industry competitors and naked as a jaybird entrant forces, the company should be mainly focus as usual on how they can have advantage over its competitors by not only anticipating future challenges and innovation that their competitors may get down but also be able to establish a well defined marketing and question and development study that will help the company confident enough in dealing with the market.particularly, the factors that it needs to focus are industry growth, always look on the potentials in the business and be first base in formulating it to the market, product differences, at this point, which is already been the strength of the company, but still needs to do more and that is innovativeness where it also been the main focus of its competitors. The company must look on how they can provide its clients new and very attractive designs, but it should also have to look on the cost side as well.And lastly, is switching costs, for any company there should also be some intelligent cost study on how the company can still be appreciated by the customers and these can either come from service and move and of course these should be well accompanied with excellent ser vice and availability of parts which is also a big factor during actual competition. In the side of threat, what the company should look about on how the innovative trend and pricing strategy trend that competitors is doing.Most of the time these is what is being bottom to Harley Davidson, since it has been recognized as a very expensive brand and at the same time more on respecting traditional design, competitors compete through these factors. So, what the company needs is that they have to anticipate these by introducing new and innovative styles and at the same time study some possibilities of offering some not so high cost brands which may also give additional leverage for the company.Another important study and important advantage of Porters Five Forces is supplier power, in this side it is also important for the company not only to look for the most efficient supplier but also study closely in terms of cost. Harley Davidson must be careful in forming up agreement with suppli ers. Like they can have global partnership with some suppliers, most specially if some of these suppliers are proven that they serve the company well. This reduces the cost by having different suppliers in the different regions.That is why there are two ways that the company may apply (1) the company must carefully look into suppliers that are effectively do for the company, if there is, Harley Davidson must look into how they can formulate a global partnership in order to lessen the cost. And lastly (2) the company must also re-visit some suppliers that are not performing well and be able to replace it or make some better arrangement on how the company as well as the partner can have a more favourable output. Lastly, in terms of buyer concern, where two of the important force involved, buyers and competitors.At this point these are the greatest challenges that the company must look at since the competitors are very aggressive in this area, most specially in the price sensitivity a nd not much on the bargaining leverage. Price is always a problem with the company, since it continuously in the high-end brands. What the company should do is on how they can study on introducing brands that may address other markets which will still not compromise quality and cost. In the bargaining leverage, the company must look on how they can provide some better offers for some big markets, like in terms of wholesalers.Lastly, with regards to the question how can motorcycle companies like Harley Davidson, where its business falls more on luxurious and recreation brand of products which also targets high-end markets, which the question is on how they can continue to earn above average returns. It is obvious that for company like Harley Davidson, they have to focus more on how to deal with innovations is one panorama that they need to do. By strengthening its research and development and the usual attention to customer needs and preference is the key to continually achieve abo ve average returns.Most specially the latter where still it is considered as the most important factor in the business. The main actors or contributors that needs to work on this one in order for it to materialize are the following (1) Companys human resources, which means that it should continually strengthen the practiced expertise of the company, and lastly, (2) is to build partnership with some of the global and most recognized industries or companies which is what is lacking with Harley Davidson. wad expertise and partnership through reliable and very influential companies are very important to the success of companys these days. That is why with the help of the management team and its top executives, they need to recognized it as the main key to continually have a better return in the business. Conclusion In this study, it shows that for any company to survive in this very competitive world of business, companys needs to be sensitive enough in understanding the competition an d on how they can overcome it.In this paper it shows that even company like Harley Davidson, who still has substantial edge in the market, it still needs to be aggressive and continue to study on how they can attain competitive advantage. Like what resulted in this study that even though the company seems to have control in the American market, competitors are only starting to focus on targeting on market outside the American region, which shows that the company starting to opposed down and competitors like Honda and Suzuki are rising up.This also resulted that due to financial capabilities and diverse status of these competitors which starting to give problem to Harley Davidson. That is why the company must look on these growing advantages and be able to formulate a strategy that can offset it. In the second part of this paper, it also shows that in order for the company to be aggressive and effectively achieve competitiveness, Porters five forces has been presented and for each forces, there are important discussions on how the company can apply it effectively and efficiently.

Reserch Into Memory Recall Essay Example for Free

Reserch Into Memory Recall EssayThe main three systems of operation of storage are known as the Multi-Store Model (Atkinson amp Schiffrin 1968), the Working Model of Memory (Baddeley amp Hitch 1974), and Levels of impact Model of Memory (Craig amp Lockhart 1972). Multi Store Model Figure 1 http//www. smartpsych. co. uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/msmmodel2. png Key features of MSM * Three types of warehousing stores sensory, short boundary and long term (any stimulus must pass through one or more of these in sequence).Each store retains a different amount of selective data based on how much the store send word retain. * Each of the stores retains a different amount of information in a different way and for a varying length of time. The sensory memory is responsible for taking the information from one of the sensory organs and holding it in that format, prior to transferring the data to the short term memory, and and then dependent on the form of narrative (either by maintenance or elaborative rehearsal), is stored in either the short-term memory or LTM.The information from any one of the sensory organs is encoded into the STM as one of the side by side(p) * Iconic (visual) stored as an image. * Echoic (acoustic) Auditory input from the ears and stored as a sound. * Taste * Haptic (touch) * aspect An example of Iconic sensory storage was demonstrated by Sperling (1960), whereby he tested participants by development a tachistoscope which flashed pictures onto a blank screen for a very brief amount of time.He then tested them on their ability to recall as many of them as possible from a grid of twelve that he would display for one twentieth of a second. His findings showed that whilst they could all recall somewhat four images, the overall suggestion was that they had seen a lot more, but not enough time to immortalize them. The presentation of the images was followed by three tone levels of high, medium or low which instructed the particip ants which rows they should focus their iconic memory on. Recall rate recorded was on verage three out of the four symbols from any one row, which suggests that the iconic store has a retention capacity of approximately 76%.Sperling reported that if a delay occurred amidst both the presentation of the grid and the sounding of the tone then an increasing amount of information would be lost gradually (50% after 0. 3 seconds and 67% after 1 second delay) (Baddley, 2002). The short term memory has a retention duration of 0-18 seconds, and a capacity of 7(+/-2), as demonstrated by millers (1956) experiment of chunking.He discovered that our capacity to retain information can be change magnitude by chunking large amounts of information together, otherwise referred to as trigrams (3 letter combinations). The length of time information can be retained is only a few seconds in the STM if not rehearsed, whereas rehearsal can increase that from anywhere from a few seconds too years. Peterso n and Peterson (1959) found that the STM fades in down the stairs half a minute if not rehearsed, within 3 seconds this is reduced by 80% and only 10% of information remains after 18 seconds.The LTM (long term memory) has an unlimited duration and capacity, although these memories can decay over time and become displaced (shunted out of the way in place of new ones). commodious term encoding can be semantically associated in which by we link things together, such as school, tie, and teacher. Although there is the possibility of incorrectly making additional connections dependent on the individual LTM and what is in person associated with the key word.

Creative Spark Talk Analysis Essay Example for Free

fictive Spark Talk Analysis EssaySir Ken Robinson is an pedagogue, respected author and leading advocator for changes to the studyal system. A Professor weighs that the education system needs to be more creative and stop preventing creativity. Sir Robinson manner of speaking on How Schools Kill Creativity given on February 2006 at TED conference in Monterey California. It focuses on the education system goals and the educators understanding the process of developing a successful system. The focus of his speech is how schools do everything they rat to dissuade children from world creative. He is advocating for a monumental change in current educational systems that conjure and promote creativity. The education system profound way of how the selection process of the employee, prevents the knocked out(p)-of-box thinkers from maintaining their creativity growth.Stages of CreativityRobinson begins his babble referencing how we have become a society that deeply vested in educ ation. He goes on to say like a shots children have incredible talent but we waste it through our current educational systems. He discusses how we have become a society that is educating for 50 years in the 2065 we really have no idea what the future entrust look like in five years.In looking at the four stops of creativity, it is easy to see how the current educational systems stifle creativity. Stage one according to Ryan Ruggiero is curious for challenges or meeting challenges in an imaginative, original, and effective way (Ruggiero, 2012). Robinson discusses how our educational systems have become more to the highest degree mathematics and science and less about the arts. Young children are willing to take achance. If they do not know an answer to a question, they are not afraid to go for it or of being wrong according to Robinson. Robinson makes an excellent point that if you arent prepared to be wrong then you will never come up with anything creative (Robinson, 2007). St age three, which probably the most authorized deals with investigating the problem. It is important to make sure you obtain the necessary information to deal effectively with the problem. The last stage is stage four, which involves producing ideas. It is important to make sure you generate enough ideas to decide which action you should take.Concepts of imagination and Curiosity close the entire talk Robinson gave revolved around creativity and imagination. Robinson discusses how todays society has become restricted on rising through the ranks by achieving different degree levels. He explains that in order to chuck out to different levels there is too ofttimes focus on answering questions accurately and too much focus on when mistakes occur.Personal experiences and Benefit SocietyI remember not doing well in my Biology class and my instructor challenge me to change location in the classroom. I did not believe that the seat selection was the problem, but changing the seat elimina ted the surrounding distraction and my grades highlighted the improvement. I took that same glide path to the rest of my classes and the results astonishing.I believe at that time most of my teachers had written me off, but as an educator you have to seek ways more creative glide path to capture and develop the students minds for thinking out of the box. I have learn from that experience and lecture, we as educators in the educational system have to be open to ideas and develop different methodology that will help our learners to mature and produce different avenues of approach to accomplishing a task. Sir Robinson talk was quite eye opening for me and has made me take a more analytical approach to how I even educate my children.ReferencesRobinson, K. (2007, January 6). Sir Ken Robinson Do schools kill creativity? Video file. Retrieved from Youtube.com website https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG9CE55wbtY Ruggiero, V. R. (2012). The ArtThinking. The art of thinking A guide to critica l and creative thought (10th ed.). New York, NY Pearson Longman.

Virginia Planter and Slave Holder Essay Example for Free

Virginia Planter and Slave Holder proveThe closure for independence was given out by Ameri shadower representatives, American, then, being a colony of the commodious Britain. American by then was constituted of majority being the slaves captured from other parts of the world and sell to merchants in the slave trade in the Great Britain who were later set let loose and allowed to settle in far lands which later came to be called America. America remained the colony of Great Britain until the Declaration of independence in 1776.The declaration encompasses a number of philosophies. Assuming that I am presently a Virginia planter and slave carrier, this composing seeks to address how the philosophical ideals embodied in the Declaration of Independence, the similarities and differences of philosophies in the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution, affect my assumed component as a Virginia planter and slave holder. The paper also seeks to establish a constitutional ver ification for and against my assumed role.To start with, the philosophies in the Declaration of Independence include the powerful proposition that all workforce were created equal and each one of them has a decent to life, unspoilt to think for oneself i. e. right to liberty and right to pursuit of happiness (Jefferson, 1964). This philosophical system of idealism, which believes in the inherent good of mankind beingsity, affects my assumed role in that as a holder of slaves whom I use for free labor in my farm, I go against the very(prenominal) human rights spell out out in fore pass philosophical stance. I deny the slaves I hold, their right to liberty i. e. hey need to acquiesce to working for me as opposed to my use of force.My holding of the slaves also seeks to destine one thing that I have failed to realize that all men were created equal, the inherent good in humanity and that no one or nothing gives me the right to hold them against their wish and consent. This doe s not cogitate that no one can have people working for him or no one can exercise power over individuals. All this is possible only if the subjects are in consent otherwise it is slavery Any conceivable authorities begets its power from the concurrence of the subjects (Jefferson, 1964).The fundamental difference between the Articles of alignment and the constitution is that whereas the articles were constructed by 13 states that the constitution of the US, by then, superseded (In fact, it is more of a treaty between the 13 states), the constitution was constructed to rule the whole nation constituted of many states, all the states, as one country. The articles were parochial but the constitution is not. Another difference is that, in the articles, the government had no power to directly tax income the people. This was because the people were suspicious of the government for they saw it as a great threat to their liberties.The constitution gives the government power to directly tax people and the people are more receptive to and trust the government to do most things for them. Further, the articles had the states given one vote no matter how large the state was. This is not the case with the constitution which allows a large state a proportionate voting power. Finally, the articles are lie to the idealist philosophy which believes in the inherent good of humanity whereas the constitution is oriented to the pragmatic philosophy which doesnt trust that people can do the right thing.On the part of similarities, it is seen that both, the Articles of confederation and the constitution, volunteer for the congress declaring war and sending ambassadors. As a Virginia planter and slave holder, the articles of confederation and the constitution may favor me or threaten me at the same time. Even as the articles of confederation fought to promote widely distributed welfare, to ensure domestic tranquility and to ensure the blessings of liberty, they always had a c ompromise to let slavery insure because most of the people, by then, owned slaves.It was to take centuries later before the slaves could finally enjoy the blessings of liberty spelt out in the constitution when the constitution could later clearly emphasize award of inalienable human rights to slaves and lords alike. This was of course no good news to any Virginia planter and slave holder because it meant that they could lose the free labor from the slaves hence no productivity or expensive cost of production and they stood a see of going to prison if they continued to keep the slaves.This explains why Virginia delegates failed to sign the constitution during the constitutional convention. Slavery is seen going against the laws of human jurisprudence. The opening phrase in the American constitution, insurance of liberty being part of the phrase, serves as a precursor to antislavery stance of the constitution. However, the constitution may have failed in its own ways and support sl avery or any act close to slavery. A number of scholars argue that the constitution at its conception at the constitutional convention was pro-slavery.The founders created a national charter to deal with the slavery issue, when they complete that fallout was eminent based on the issue of slavery. It is noted that the slave owners were monopolizing the government offices and dictating policies that trampled on human rights. For this reasoning that constitutional ratification appeared unclear on the issue of slavery, a Virginia planter and slave holder could not ratify the constitution until he was sure that slaves were only counted as property and not citizens lest they could retract the protection the human rights enshrined in the constitution consequently making slavery illegal.

EC Law Essay Example for Free

EC justice EssayPart ASonja is a temporary farm labourer of 16 years old. In the summer of 2005 she was hospitalized with sunburn got from excogitateing in the field without adequate UV cheerion according to the ultraviolet Radiation (UV) egis at Work directing adopted by the EC. The Directive provides that the Member States should look into Sunblock and Sunglasses to workers in outdoor activities within the meaning of the Directive.According to the independent arbitration plan with employers set up with the approval of the Government by the Finnish Farm Labourers Union, Sonja, has brought her necessitate forward the arbiter. Her birdcall requires that the ump interpret the Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work Directive. The Arbitrator considers that Sonjas claim should be dismissed because she is not a worker according to his interpretation of the Directive, but merely an assimilator who does not qualify for legal protection.As provided in the independe nt arbitration scheme the decisions of the Arbitrator are legally binding and in that location is no right to appeal.According to the rules of procedure established by the instituting treaties of the European Communities for the judiciary of referee of the European Communities, the philanders jurisdiction is automatically mandatory in the areas expressly provided by the Treaties. There is no need for the Member States to accept this competence which means that the cost washbowl be authorized by only one party, redden against Member States. This similarly means that in the attributed domains by the treaties its competence is exclusive compared to any other jurisdiction.Article 2341 (ex Article 177) from the consolidated accord establishing the European Community provides that The court of Justice shall get under ones skin jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning(a)the interpretation of this accord(b)the hardiness and interpretation of acts of the institutions of the Community and of the ECB(c)the interpretation of the statutes of bodies established by an act of the Council, where those statutes so provide.Where such a hesitancy is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court or tribunal may, if it considers that a decision on the question is required to enable it to give judgment, request the court of law of Justice to give a ruling at that placeon.Where any such question is raised in a occurrence pending before a court or tribunal of a Member State, against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy on a lower floor national law, that court or tribunal shall bring the question before the beg of Justice.In the case of Sonja, because the independent arbitration scheme set up betwixt the Finnish Farm Labourers Union and the employers is conducted with the approval of the Government, to settle disputes regarding pay and conditions of work we can assimilate the Arbitrator with a court of law. The Arbitrator ha s an exclusive competence in this field. Moreover, he meets the requirements set up in the last provision of the Article 234, as set forth, because his decisions are legally binding and there is no right to appeal. This institutes an obligation upon the Arbitrator that whenever he has to interpret any act of one of the institutions of the Community he should raise a case before the romance of Justice of the European Communities.Therefore, before interpreting the aliment of the Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work Directive on the meaning of worker within the said act, the Arbitrator should have brought safety in interpretation before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The conditions for such re form, as provided in the Article 234, are that there has to be an open case brought before a national form of jurisdiction that has to request the Court, asking for the interpretation of an act of one of the institutions of the Communities.Because the Arbitrator did not open such recourse before the Court of Justice of the European Communities, Sonja has grounds for sack of his decision in front of a higher Finnish court of law through an marvellous procedure. The dismissal can be decided only on procedural issues and not on the merits of the case because the decisions of the Arbitrator are not subject to appeal.In common, international jurisdictions are only competent to seek states. They can not be used as a legal remedy by inborn someones. However, the Court of Justice of the European Communities is accessible not only to the member states of the European Communities, but also, in very strict conditions to various(prenominal)s, natural and legal persons. This provides Sonja with, yet, another alternative for her case. She can bring an abrogation recourse before the Court.The annulment recourse is the possibility of the states, institutions of the Communities and natural and legal persons to challenge in front of the Court a mandator y act issued either by the Council or by the Commission, and to be granted in sealed conditions the annulment of the act. This is a way to control EU acts and their conformity with the instituting treaties.The provisions of the Rome Treaties channelize that there can be subjected to this form of recourse acts that are mandatory like directives and regulations, and in received situations even decisions. Article 2302 (ex Article 173) of the consolidated pact establishing the European Community provides that The Court of Justice shall critique the legality of acts adopted jointly by the European parliament and the Council, of acts of the Council, of the Commission and of the ECB, other than recommendations and opinions, and of acts of the European Parliament intended to produce legal effects vis--vis third parties.It shall for this purpose have jurisdiction in actions brought by a Member State, the European Parliament, the Council or the Commission on grounds of lack of competenc e, infringement of an innate procedural requirement, infringement of this Treaty or of any rule of law relating to its application, or misuse of powers.The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction under the like conditions in actions brought by the European Parliament, by the Court of Auditors and by the ECB for the purpose of protecting their prerogatives. both natural or legal person may, under the homogeneous conditions, institute proceedings against a decision addressed to that person or against a decision which, although in the form of a regulation or a decision addressed to another person, is of direct and individual concern to the former. Usually, individuals are allowed to bring actions before the Court only in reference to regulations which directly assume to them and directly damp their rights. However, proceedings can be brought regarding a directive in situations in which it has the same effects on the individual. The Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work Di rective directly infringes Sonjas right to adequate protection for the type of labour she is doing and for the conditions in which she works by limiting the belief of worker to which it applies. With this limitation the Directive breaches the substantial provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community.Regarding work, Article 13 of the Treaty provides that 1. Without prejudice to the other provisions of this Treaty and within the limits of the powers conferred by it upon the Community, the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, may take appropriate action to combat distinction based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or versed orientation.3Therefore the principle of the restraint of discrimination on grounds of age is laid down by an instituting treaty. It bears no difference that Sonja is only sixteen. She should not be discriminated against for this reason and not be considered as a worker under the Directive.The term worker is also described in many EU acts, including in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The notion is wide and non-discriminatory, especially when considering a persons rights or the breach of these rights. 26. In accordance with the Courts case-law, the concept of worker, within the meaning of Article 48 of the Treaty and of Regulation No 1612/68, has a specific Community meaning and must not be interpreted narrowly.Any person who pursues activities which are real and genuine, to the exclusion of activities on such a small scale as to be regarded as purely marginal and ancillary, must be regarded as a worker. The essential feature of an trade relationship is, according to that case-law, that for a indisputable period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration4Moreover, the restriction on the term worker i s in direct violation with the Directive No. 33 of 22 June 1994 on the protection of schoolboyish people at work which applies to persons under 18 and provides that they should have suitable work conditions, measures necessary to protect the safety and health of young people5.In conclusion, the limitation of the notion of worker from the Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work Directive that prevents Sonja, because of her age and because she is a temporary worker to benefit from the proper work protection, is in direct violation of the instituting treaties, the principles on which the EU is based, the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and canonical human rights. This provides Sonja, although she is a natural person, with the active legal quality to bring recourse in annulment before the Court due to what she has suffered from the effects of this act.Part BThe joined cases of Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard were brought before the Court of Ju stice of the European Communities as a reference under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty6 by the courtroom de Grande instance (Regional Court) from Strasbourg (France), for a preliminary ruling in the criminal proceedings pending before the tribunal against the two.The Tribunal de Grande Instance has asked the Court of Justice of the European Communities to give an interpretation of the rules of the EEC Treaty relating to competition and emancipation of exertion within the Community. The Court has found that Article 30 of the EEC Treaty is to be interpreted as not applying to legislation of a Member State imposing a general prohibition on resale at a loss7.In the decisions of Keck and Mithouard the Court institutes certain principles regarding the measures that can be taken by states. Such a principle is the one stating that national measures which limit or prohibit certain sales practices do not cash in ones chips within the scope of Article 308, so long as they are applied to all those operating within the national territory and that they cloak in incisively the same way, both in law and in practice, the market of national products and those originating from other Member States9.The Court of Justice of the European Communities has subsequently interpreted the decisions in the cases of Keck and Mithouard on the matter of advertising, especially the vague prep selling arrangements. The decisions were applied and interpreted in connection to the way producers are able to market their goods and to the marketing strategies used by them. However, the two cases were exceptional interpretations of the Article 28, due to the circumstances and should have been regarded as such. On the contrary, this interpretation was widely extended by the Court.The extension has brought about the possibility of member states to impose certain restrictions in advertising. These restrictions were thought by the Court to be outside the scope of Article 28. Such measures disguise f ields like TV advertising and sponsorship of programmes aimed at children below the age of 12 being prohibited10 in Sweden, the advertising of toys in Greece which is time restricted, banns referring to certain kinds of toys in Germany and Denmark and so on. Goods that are considered sensitive are also subjected to banns even at an EU level. As an example there is the Television Without Frontiers (TVWF) Directive in which there is stated that children should not have easy access to advertising for goods such as cigarettes and alcohol.Cases were brought before the Court with regards to such measures. Some decisions given by the Court find basis on its previous Keck and Mithouard decisions With take note to the free bm of goods (Article 30) the Court recognised that the ban on advertising could affect the free exertion of the products advertised.It then referred to the Keck-Mithouard jurisprudence and ruled that a Member State could apply such restrictions if they were shown to aff ect in the same way, in law and in fact, the marketing of domestic products and of those from other Member States were necessary for meeting overriding requirements of general public importance or one of the aims laid down in Article 36 of the EC Treaty were proportionate for that purpose and that those aims could not be met by little restrictive measures11.In conclusion, bans of advertising are considered to be in accordance with the Article 28 when they affect in the same way the marketing of the domestic products and that of the products from other Member States, they are necessary for requirements of general public importance and when less restrictive measures could not have been applied. Thus, the Court institutes the principle of proportionality that applies even if the ban has more serious effects on goods coming from other states than on national ones.Any state restrictions of the selling arrangements automatically affect access to the market contrary to what the Court has considered in the cases of Keck and Mithouard. It is of course true that such restrictions provided in a non-discriminatory way do not infringe of the free movement of goods, but they do affect trade. Measures taken by states have to be uncertain and indirect, for them to fall outside the scope of the Article 28 and be regarded as breaches of the free movement of goods.The Keck case institutes a kind of presumption that certain measures taken by states, that fall under a certain family line should be regarded as uncertain and indirect and therefore outside the scope of Article 28. This presumption is detrimental in some cases. The measures should be analyzed according to the merits of each individual case and the effects they have in that particular case. Therefore, I believe that the cases of Keck and Mithouard affect the balance between state responsibilities and the free movement of goods.BibliographyConsolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (2002), Official Journal C325, Retrieved of the tenth on January 2005, getable at http//www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/12002E.htmlBrian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (23 March 2004) sagacity of the Court (Full Court)Case C-138/02 European Court reports 2004 Page I-02703, Retrieved of the tenth on January 2005, Available at http//www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/Notice.do?val=287581cslang= affiance=391912cs,287581cs,341893cs,287498cs,278038cs,277710cs,269338cs,264078cs,250808cs,247148cs,pos=2page=1nbl=18pgs=10hwords=workworkerchecktexte=checkboxvisu=texteCriminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (24 November 1993) Judgment of the Court Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91, European Court reports 1993 Page I-06097, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at http//europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX61991J0267ENHTMLDICouncil Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young peo ple at work, Official Journal L 216 , 20/08/1994 P. 0012 0020, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at http//europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX31994L0033ENHTMLLolivier, Marc (January 1998), The De Agostini ruling and advertising regulation, commercial-grade Comunications Newsletter, Edition 10, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at http//europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/comcom/newsletter/edition10/page04_en.htmStanbrook, Lionel ( October 1997), Childrens advertising, consumer protection and the country of origin principle, commercialized Comunications Newsletter, Edition 09, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at http//europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/comcom/newsletter/edition09/page18_en.htmStatute of the Court of Justice (November 2005), Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at http//curia.eu.int/en/instit/txtdocfr/txtsenvigueur/statut.pdforvaldsson, Bjrn (2002), Keck and Mithouard, Master Thesis, M aster of European Affairs Programe, Law, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at http//www.jur.lu.se/Internet/english/essay/Masterth.nsf/0/585A26471860B6F6C1256BCD00730AAF/$File/xsmall.pdf?OpenElementMollers, Thomas M.J. (February 2005), EuGH, Rs. C-405/98 v. 8.3.2001 Gourmet International Products, Faculty of Law, Augsburg University, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at http//www.jura.uni-augsburg.de/prof/moellers/materialien/materialdateien/050_eugh_entscheidungen/eugh_1998_405_gourmet_international_products_en/Competitive Federalism and grocery store Access in the EU, Jean Monet Center, NYU School of Law, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at http//www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/01/012701-04.html1 Treaty establishing the European Community, Art. 2342 idem, Art 2303 idem, Art. 134 Brian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (23 March 2004)5 Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young peopl e at work.6 Treaty establishing the European Community, ex Article 1777Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (24 November 1993)8 in the consolidated Treaty the number of the article has bugger off 28 and it will be referred to accordingly9 Lolivier, Marc (January 1998), op. cit.10 Stanbrook, Lionel (October 1997), op. cit.11 idem