Methods of Studying the Brain

Methods of Studying the BrainHistory of instinct blend in acrossmentsTrepanning is a surgical operation where a hold is drilled into the skull using a surgical tool, in the 17th and 19th century. The process involved bore into the skull and removing a piece of swot. In ancient ages trepanning was imbibe as a tribal ritual to let evil spirts escape go forth of the head. It was performed to cure, headaches, and m each mental illness for instance Huntingtons, Parkinson, schizophrenia and epilepsy.Lobotomy is a surgical procedure in which the nerve pathways in a lobes of the witticism ar severed from those in other aras. The procedure was utilise as a radical therapeutic measure distri entirelyed long-sufferings, who had mental illnesses.Moreoer, lobotomy was use in mental institutions where the patients wouldnt understand and known it is been do. (ETHICS)Also, the patients would often could forth of the procedure with black eyes from the operating theatre and they wo uld be tumblen darken glasses to coer up the bruising ( ETHICS)A few years later Thorine a chemical lobotomy was designed which was better as at that place wasnt a endangerment of surgery. 2,900 lobotomies were performed. The last one to be performed was in 1967 delinquent to the patient dying of flair haemorrhage.EEG stands for electroencephalogram which is a put down of the brilliances natural process. Small sensors be attached to the scalp to pick up the galvanic signals produced when judgement electric carrells send message to each other. Helped to monitoring and diagnosing conditions imp shape the fountainhead. invasive methods invading methods be a therapeutic technique that involves interruption the skin. It involves the injection or a placement of a device into the eubstance. Invasive pain management therapies leave been utilise to treat neck and arse pain. Invasive methods atomic number 18 done by open surgery or laroscopy.vantagesDisadvantages subjoin safety less(prenominal) trauma to the physical structure and far less blood lossCan be time devour for patient and surgeonLess scaring only takes about two stitches to close the uterusLong recover, some patient might be lucky to lift off to witness recovered by 6 to 8 weeks but others longer.You dont pee to stay in hospital actually long most patients target discharged wi cut back 24 hours.At very high assay of infectionMore accurateAs well as comment other scathed argonas you might damage that area more or even they might necessitate done the damage.When doing the surgery you whitethorn reclaim other damaged areas and be fit to remove or treat it.Very expensiveNon invasiveNon-invasive is a therapeutic technique which doesnt involve invading or breaking the skin. at that placefore, the produce does non involve tools that squeeze out beak the skin or physically enter the organic structure. For example x-rays, CT s great deals, MRI, and ECG. Until recent years, exploratory surgery was routinely performed when a patient was critically ill and the source of illness wasnt known.AdvantagesDisadvantagesThe patient undergo less idiom as no time for healing or been under harshplace anaesthetic.Some of the s evictning back end be harmful to the body ad involves radiationLess time consumingMight not condition if it damages any other area or if there is any other illness or damage to the genius.Very quick recuperationMight not always be an opinion, the surgeon might reach out Invasive first smotherd risk of infectionSome of the run outs whitethorn stimulate other splits of the wittinessCheaperMRI s placener roentgen ray machineDeep Brain commentDeep foreplay is a surgical procedure (invasive technique) which is performed under local anaesthetic. It is perform in this point so that the patient can talk and have brain driveway to say the procedure has worked.Deep stimulation is the main type of surgery utilise to treat Parkinsons diso rder. Parkinsons is not cure able however it whitethorn help to control the movement of the symptoms.Deep brain stimulation involved very fine wires with electrodes at the tip of the brain, which send electrical thirst to the targeted part of the brain. These are connected to extensions that are tunneled under the skin stub the ear and down the neck. They are connected to a pulse generator, which is rigid under the skin around the chest.With Deep Brain Stimulation treating disease of mental health, some people not understand what is mean done and and then their careers give permission for it to be done and this isnt technical flop the patient themselves hasnt full agreed to it. Furthermore, the patient isnt de-brief before the surgery to make sure they full understand what the procedure is and this is all un estimable to society.AdvantageDisadvantageVery accurateIncrease risk of infection. The implantation of foreign objects entering then body.Good techniqueAdditional surgery may be needed is any of the equipment stops working. Sometimes every 3 to 5 years.Minimal opening to brainTime consuming mental hand overive techniquieDevices which are inserted into the body can sometimes interfere with other devices.No damage to the brain during the surgerySometimes uncomfortable sensations during stimulation can occur.Lesion ProductionBrain Lesions can be attaind by injury, infection, and problems with immune system. on that point cause is fluid unknown. There are several of types and some of the set up can cause great harm to you whereas, some are harmless. In lesions, nerve cells die, leaving crumb damages areas of the brain. Then after time the brain function in those parts of the brain decrease. Disease such(prenominal) as Parkinsons, huntingsons Alzheimers and some types of dementia are a group of brain lesions. Some drug additions can be linked to lesions.Symptoms of a brain lesion vary depending on the type, location and size of the lesion. Symptom s includeHeadacheNauseas tack of visionMemory lossSeizuresFeverThere are antithetic types of Brain lesions. For instance abscesses and Alzheimers and other dementias.Abscesses are areas of infection, including inflamed interweave. This isnt a earthy however, theyre manners threating. Brain abscesses often occur after an infection. Moreover, it can in like manner appear after an injury or surgery.Alzheimers disease and other dementias these are another group of brain lesions. In these lesion, the nerve cells die which leaves behind damaged areas to the brain. thenProblems which can occur from brain Lesions are conceit changes someoneality changesBehaviour can changeMental ability can changeA loss of memoryHaving pain in joints and having difficulty to moveProducing lesion is purposely destroying an area on the brain to look into and check over specific areas of the brain. From this you can see exactly which parts do which function.There are three ways to make an lesion.Chemi cally to destroy the neurons galvanising current to withal destroy the neuronsSurgically This involves not bad(p) a part of the brainAdvantagesDisadvantagesThe whole of the brain been analysed at once therefore a lot of information and research can be gathered.Involves surgery cutting into patients brain could be a lot of blood loss.The removal of lesion can decrease or even stop seizuresRecovery could take extraneousCan look at the size of the lesion and see the damage cause for instance Wernickes or BrocasThe surgery could cause stress for the patientIncrease risk of infection due to the recovery time and its surgeryremotion of a lesion can cause damage in the brain e.g Wernecks or Brocas- language and speech centres.Carbon nanotubesCarbon nanotubes are tubes which have a very small diameter for example it can be as small as one nanometer. This is a very new dodge and scientists are hoping to build tiny transistors for computer chips and other electronic devices. apiece d ay carbon nanotubes have more research on and so they are very new.Carbon nanotubes are electrodes which are surrounded by carbon atoms in the shape of a coil. They are real thin Thinner than a piece of hair.Nanotechnology is utilize often as it has a lot of uses. For example sunscreens, self cleaning glass and clothes with UV protection.Uses for nanotubes areBrain tumour researchPossibility of using the nanotubes to instanter deliver crabby person fighting drugs into the brainMedical uses for instance hit the books scaffolding and cell therapy. This is achieved by drugs or silencing genesCarbon nanotubes recently used to control the damage caused by a stroke, dental implants or unreal muscles.Ethnics on carbon nanotubes is it is still experimental and we dont know how it allow effect individuals in the long term. Its still be researched and developed.AdvantagesDisadvantagesMany sectors e.g medical, energy and manufacturing gain ground from itNewer technology therefore, not much testing been done.New possible cancer therapyCan be difficult to work withLots of information on neurones and their responses.Very small and can be very expensive to produce. approaching treatments of neurological disorders such as Parkinsons and strokesSo far it is only been used in experiments so no long term effect seenWe as tenders are carbon based.Nobody knows how it go forth react to the body, will it be compatibleSurgery will still be needful and therefore, surgical risks attached.Stereotaxic surgeryStereotaxic surgery is also called stereotactic. It is brain surgery where a brain tumour is removed with using image if the brain to beau monde the surgeon to a target within the brain. Neuro-navigation is a technique which may have an external frame attached to the head or visualise markers attached to the scalp to orient the surgeon in his approach. The term stereotactic came from classic and Latin roots which meant touch in space.Stereotaxic surgery is used for ga lore(postnominal) reasons, which includeBrain tumorsDeep Brain StimulatesMonitoring body process of brain for instance scanningMonitoring and treating ParkinsonsSide effects for stereotaxic is that is have very few immediate effects than the normal radiosurgery, as the area universe treated is smaller. However, you are likely to have hair loss, feel sick, feel fatigue, dizzy, have headaches or have rashes appear on your skin. These are common side effects of regular external radiotherapy to the brain. Doctors normal give does of steroid before the treatment or straight after to help prevent side effects due to swelling in the brain.AdvantagesDisadvantagesNo cutting is involved inCould stimulate wrong area of brain therefore different behavior would be seenLots of research winning placeCould damage the brainUsed in Parkinsons treatment release could be causedFunction Magnetic Resonance Imaging (functional magnetized resonance imaging)FMRI is a technique for measuring the metaboli c changes that occur in brain activity. It uses a powerful magnetic field and radio waves frequency pulses to produce expatiate pictures of soft tissues, bone and other internal body structure. It works by espial the change in blood group Oation and flow that occur in response to neural activity. When an area is more nimble it consumes more oxygen and to meet this increased demand blood flow increase to the active area.It can be used to examine the brains anatomy, determines which part of the brain are handling critical functions, evaluate the effect of stroke or disease. FMRI is the only technique which can detect abnormalities within the brain.This is a picture of an FMRI scanner, which is a large tube that contains powerful magnets. You lie interior the tube straight and as still as possible during the scan.AdvantagesDisadvantagesDoes not use radiationScanners usually expensiveHas no visual risksPerson needs to be completely still for it to capture a arrive at imageEvaluat e brain function safely and effectivelyResearchers still dont completely understand how it works.fMRI is easy to usePeople are in an enclosed space, so people who are claustrophobic are faced with problems with MRI to be done.MRI scan can generate information about the blood circulation throughout the body and blood vesselsThe scan involves really loud noises while processing because they involve a really high amount of electric current suppleMagnetoencephalography (MEG)MEG measures on-going brain activity with millisecond time resolution. It works by detecting magnetic fields which are created by the brains electrical signals. MEG is used for finding out about diseases such as Parkinsons and Alzheimers. But also is used for research to measure the time course of brain activity and can detect epilepsy, as well as detect areas of the brain that are most important to avoid during surgery.MEG has to be carried out in a shielded room often in the dark when there are no other electric al devices on. This is because the fields are a billion times smaller than the earths magnetic field. The patient will sit inside a helmet of special sensors that detect the tiny magnetic signals produced by the brain, as shown belowAdvantagesDisadvantagesMakes no noiseTime consuming takes 2 hours to be performed.No discomfort for patientNeeds a special magnetically shield room invents areas of normal and abnormal activity in the brain.Used to compliment other imaging techniquesTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)TMS is a magnetic method used to stimulate small regions of the brain. During the procedure, a magnetic field generator, or coil, is placed near the head of the person receiving the treatment. The stimulation take approximately around 20 to 30 minutes. era receiving the stimulations, the patient is normally fully awake, no anaesthetic needed. There are minimal side effects.TSM is used to treat depression, pain relief, feeling of euphoria of fear and patient who do not response well to antidepressant medication.The procedure is associated with mild and minimal side effects, includingfeelings of light headednesstemporary auditory modality problems, due to the sometimes loud magnet noisemild headaches tickling in the face, jaw, or scalpAdvantagesDisadvantagesNon- invasiveCould damage normal brain functionNo anaesthetic neededMagnetic items must not be wormWidely availableEthicsInformed respond disclosure of all significant risks, both those known and those suspected possible. say-so Benefit must outweigh riskEqual distribution of risk Particularly vulnerable patient populations should be avoided.Positron Emission tomography (PET)PET stands for positron emission tomography. PET scans are images which can understandably show the part of the body which being investigated which could consist of abnormal areas of the body or brain and can highlight how well certain areas of the body are functioning.A PET scan works by detecting radiation inside the body, and images are made my passing x-rays through the patients body. hot summations are injected into the body. The level of radiation is very small and the radioactive substance has a short decay time and neither of these will damage your body. A PET scan is pain free, and you should are able to guide home on the same day without any side effects or restriction function adequately. Scans usually take around 30-60 minutes.Advantages Disadvantages Detect and monitor cancerous growthsVery expensiveMakes sure functions in the body are working. non widely available only certain hospitals have them in the UK, and you might have to travel a distance to get one.PET imaging is able to be used as an preference to biopsy and other exploratory surgeries to determine how much a disease has spread.Not as clear as CT or fMRI scansReduce the number of unnecessary surgeries performed due to incorrect diagnosis and staging data.neoplasm growth and inflammation of brain areas are difficult to t ell apart. etymon Cells composition cells are a class of undistinguishable cells that are able to differentiate into specialised cell types. It is most like that stem cells take from two main sources, for exampleEmbryos (fertilized eggnic stem cells) magnanimous stem cellsStem cells are unspecialised cells which are restarting themselves through cell division and have the potential difference to develop into some(prenominal) different cell types which plays a profound role in generation and for the generation to come of the body. Stem cells act as an internal repair system, dividing to regenerate other cells which are confounded through wear and tear. Each time a stem cell divides, each new cell may either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialised function for example bone or muscle cells.Stem cells can give growth to any tissue in the body and, from this it can provide nearly limitless potential for medical applications. Current studies are res earching how stem cells may be used to prevent or even cure disease e.g Parkinsons, diabetes, heart disease and even AlzheimersADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGESMedical benefits for example therapeutic cloning gets treat inveterate illnesses.Embryos that are not a patients own and the patients body may disavow them.Provide an insight to the growth and development of human cells as the sagaciousness of everything about human cells, scientists and researchers would also have a better understanding of disease, and how it comes and what damages the cells which leads them to illness.Difficult to find and extract from tissueCan replace faulty cells with healthy cells, so the individual is well again fully grown stem cells only produce a few types of cellsNo embryo is destroyed so not an ethical issueEthical implications immature stem cell research poses a moral dilemma. It forces us to exact between two moral principlesThe debt instrument to prevent sufferingThe avocation to respect the value of human behaviorIn the case of embryologic stem cell research, it is impossible to respect both moral principles. To throw embryonic stem cells, the early embryo has to be destroyed. This means destroying a potential human life. But embryonic stem cell research could lead to the discovery of new medical treatments that would stop the suffering of many people. There is two issues of stem cells, one that we highly value the duty to prevent suffering and the other the duty to respect the value of human life. A potential humans life is a risk of life or not. It is more ethical to take stem cells from a bone borrow of an individual to help saves someones life as to do so it needs constant from the individual for the bone borrow to be given. Whereas, a less ethical view is were a stem cell could be taken from a embolic cord where the mother of the child may have given constant and mean it can go leading however, the baby might not have wanted that therefore this is virtuously wrong. Foetal Brain-tissue GraftingA method of treating diseases, such as parkingsons and huntingtons by grafting brain cells from human foetuses onto the affected area of the human brain. tender adults cannot grow new brain cells however, developing unborn foetuses can, this is because, grafting foetal tissue stimulates the growth of new brain cells in affected adult brains.Use of foetal brain tissue is consequent from aborted embryos or foetuses. The ethical issues related to a therapeutic approach, which is relevantly modern and therefore not only concern the possible side effects for a graft-receiving patient, but also the relationship between the requirements for foetal tissue and the decision-making process for bring on abortion.Although for human embryos and foetuses have been the subject of biomedical studies, and, in principle, their use has therefore not been seen as ethically objectionable, the above points made it necessary to reconsider the moral issues.Bibliographyhttp//li nk.springer.com/ obligate/10.1007/BF02700424http//medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Fetal+tissue+transplantationHistory of brain treatmentshttp//www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=sfrm=1source=webcd=1ved=0ahUKEwjN8NXE35bQAhUWz2MKHYl8BFcQFggpMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brain-surgery.com%2Fhistory-of-brain-surgery-1%2Fusg=AFQjCNGfniG_DTtMu0pnbq76NH6vFoSU4Qbvm=bv.137904068,d.d2sA neat website to go on to first, as it gave an over view of the different methods but also different times e.g the Hippocrates and how life was like for treating the brain then.https//www.britannica.com/topic/lobotomylobotomy surgery and how it is done and why it is done.http//www.ancient.eu/Trephination/ Brothwell, D, Diseases in Antiquity (Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd, 1967).http//www.imaginis.com/faq/what-does-non-invasive-meanInvasive and non-invasivehttp//www.frca.co.uk/article.aspx?articleid=252Very good website to start on however no pros or cons one it.http//internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/do cs/Vol1_Issue3_02_Lavdaniti.pdfHistory on the techniquehttp//emedicine.medscape.com/article/304235-overviewGood over view and background informationDeep Brain Stimulationhttps//www.parkinsons.org.uk/ substance/deep-brain-stimulation-surgery-parkinsonshow deep stimulation is used to treat Parkinsons.http//www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu/centers-excellence/epilepsy-and-movement-disorders-program/deep-brain-stimulation-movement-disordersThis website explains how deep stimulation can cure certain things and what disorders it helps to cure.http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=WW-SWAnphFUvideo of the deep stimulation back ground information and how it was performedhttp//videos.howstuffworks.com/sciencentral/2937-deep-brain-stimulation-video.htmAnother video of how it works and what its done.https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25597042good for information on ethics for DBS. Clearly layout and simple to understandhttp//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12152-015-9240-9very very complex site and not good for getting information.http//www.webmd.com/brain/brain-lesions-causes-symptoms-treatmentsLesion Productionhttp//www.webmd.com/brain/brain-lesions-causes-symptoms-treatmentshttp//www.emedicinehealth.com/brain_lesions_lesions_on_the_brain/page10_em.htm